Figure 1
Flowchart of the study.
Table 1
General characteristics of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) before and during the COVID-19 epidemic.
| COVID-19 N=417 | Pre-COVID-19 N=430 | COVID-19 N=178 | Pre-COVID-19 N=190 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32.6±5.1 | 32.6±5.2 | 32.5±4.9 | 32.0±4.6 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 [22.1-28.4] | 24.5 [21.6-29.0] | 25.0 [22.1-27.6] | 25.2 [22.1-29.4] |
| BMI>30 kg/m2, % (n) | 18.7 (76) | 21.3 (90) | 15.3 (27) | 22.6 (43) |
| GWG, kg | 11.0 [8.0-15.0] | 11.0 [7.0-15.0] | 11.0 [7.0-15.0] | 11.0 [7.0-15.0] |
| Gestational age at diagnosis (weeks) | 23.9 [11.7-26.0]*** | 25.1 [21.8-26.7] | 15.0 [10.4-24.9]*** | 24.6 [11.6-26.4] |
| Gestational age at diagnosis (weeks), % (n) | *** a | *** a | ||
| ≤14 | 31.2 (130) | 19.2 (82) | 49.4 (88) | 31.6 (60) |
| 14–24 | 21.6 (90) | 13.3 (57) | 20.2 (36) | 13.7 (26) |
| >24 | 47.2 (197) | 67.5 (289) | 30.3 (54) | 54.7 (104) |
| Family history of diabetes, % (n) | 52.7 (214) | 52.0 (222) | 49.1 (86) | 55.8 (106) |
| GDM in previous pregnancy, % (n) Parity, % (n) | 29.9 (60) | 28.0 (58) | 35.1 (34) | 32.3 (31) |
| Nulliparous | 44.8 (187) | 46.3 (199) | 39.3 (70) | 41.6 (79) |
| Multiparous | 55.2 (230) | 53.7 (231) | 60.7 (108) | 58.4 (111) |
Table 2
Glycaemic parameters during the COVID-19 epidemic compared with those from the same period in 2019.
| COVID-19 N=417 | Pre-COVID-19 N=430 | COVID-19 N=178 | Pre-COVID-19 N=190 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose/ | 5.2** | 5.1 | 5.3** | 5.2 |
| 60 min OGTT, mmol/l | 10.1 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 10.1 |
| 120 min OGTT, mmol/l | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 9.0 |
| HbA1c first visit during follow-up, % | 4.9*** | 5.0 | 4.9* | 5.0 |
| mmol/mol | 30.1 | 31.1 | 30.1 | 31.1 |
| GA first visit | 28.0*** | 29.6 | 20.1*** | 29.0 |
| Average HbA1c between first and last visit, % | 4.9*** | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 |
| mmol/mol | 30.1 | 32.2 | 30.1 | 31.1 |
| HbA1c last visit, % | 5.1*** | 5.2 | 5.2** | 5.3 |
| mmol/mol | 32.2 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 34.4 |
| GA last visit, week | 35.6 | 35.9 | 35.4 | 36.0 |
| Number of visits | 4.0*** | 3.0 | 5.0*** | 3.0 |
| Insulin treatment, % (n) | 23.3* | 17.4 | 23.6 | 17.4 |
| Insulin initiation, week | 28.1** | 30.6 | 22.2** | 31.1 |
| Long-acting insulin, % (n) | 19.4*** | 10.0 | 20.2** | 9.0 |
| Long-acting insulin – final dose, IU | 12.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 16.0 |
| Short-acting insulin, % (n) | 12.5 | 11.9 | 12.9 | 12.7 |
| Short-acting insulin – final dose, IU | 18.0 | 12.0 | 24.0 | 12.0 |
| [11.0–30.0] | [9.0–24.0] | [14.0–36.0] | [8.0–25.5] |
Table 3
Comparison of maternal and perinatal outcomes during the COVID-19 epidemic compared with those from the same period in 2019.
| No/total no (%) | No/total no (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Hypertensive disorders | 27/417 (6.5) | 25/430 (5.8) | 1.12 [0.64–1.97] | N/A |
| Excessive GWG | 130/403 (32.3) | 118/410 (28.8) | 1.18 [0.87–1.59] | 1.16 [0.85–1.58] |
| Caesarean section | 98/411 (23.8) | 100/417 (24.0) | 0.99 [0.72–1.37] | 0.99 [0.71–1.39] |
| Induction of labour | 130/412 (31.6) | 142/419 (33.9) | 0.90 [0.67–1.20] | 0.89 [0.66–1.20] |
| Perinatal | ||||
| LGA | 58/398 (14.6) | 49/419 (11.7) | 1.29 [0.86–1.94] | 1.24 [0.81–1.90] |
| SGA | 17/398 (4.3) | 26/419 (6.2) | 0.67 [0.236–1.26] | N/A |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | 34/399 (8.5) | 33/419 (7.9) | 1.09 [0.66–1.80] | 1.04 [0.62–1.74] |
| Hypoglycaemia | 7/412 (1.7) | 16/418 (3.8) | 0.43 [0.18–1.07] | N/A |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 55/413 (13.3) | 56/418 (13.4) | 0.99 [0.67–1.48] | 0.96 [0.63–1.45] |
| Child composite adverse outcomea | 61/410 (14.9) | 72/418 (17.2) | 0.84 [0.58–1.22] | 0.80 [0.54–1.17] |