Significant differences in pre-post changes (significant Group × Pre-Post interaction) in the Tinetti balance test scores, body composition and social indicators after the balance-exercise intervention when a comparison is made between the experimental and control groups of monitored female seniors (N=266; experimental group: 140 females; control group: 126 females)_
| Variable | Experiment | ANOVA, factors and interaction | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage | Group | Pre-Post | Group × Stage | Subj( Group) | |||||||||||
| Pre | Post | F | p | η p2 | F | p | ηp2 | F | p | ηp2 | F | p | ηp2 | ||
| Static balance score | - | 13.5 (13.4, 13.5) | 13.6 (13.5, 13.6) | 16.9 | <0.001 | 0.063 | 23.3 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 0.7 | 0.404 | <0.01 | 161.5 | <0.001 | 0.994 |
| + | 13.6 (13.5, 13.6) | 13.7 (13.7, 13.8) | |||||||||||||
| Dynamic balance | - | 10.4 (10.3, 10.4) | 10.4 (10.4, 10.5) | <0.1 | 0.906 | <0.01 | 11.5 | <0.001 | 0.041 | 4.9 | 0.027 | 0.018 | 38.4 | <0.001 | 0.975 |
| (gait score) | + | 10.3 (10.2, 10.3) | 10.5 (10.5, 10.5) | ||||||||||||
| Total balance score | - | 23.8 (23.7, 23.9) | 24 (23.9, 24.1) | 4.6 | 0.032 | 0.017 | 35.5 | <0.001 | 0.116 | 9.7 | 0.002 | 0.035 | 84 | <0.001 | 0.988 |
| + | 23.8 (23.7, 23.8) | 24.3 (24.3, 24.4) | |||||||||||||
| Body fat (%) | - | 35 (34.8, 35.3) | 34.9 (34.6, 35.1) | 29.5 | <0.001 | 0.121 | 47.2 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 34.3 | <0.001 | 0.138 | 95.8 | <0.001 | 0.99 |
| + | 35.1 (34.9, 35.3) | 33.2 (33.1, 33.4) | |||||||||||||
| Muscle mass (kg) | - | 29.2 (29.1, 29.3) | 29.5 (29.4, 29.6) | 2.2 | 0.142 | 0.01 | 102.6 | <0.001 | 0.328 | 32.4 | <0.001 | 0.134 | 106 | <0.001 | 0.991 |
| + | 29 (28.9, 29) | 30 (29.9, 30.1) | |||||||||||||
| Q3 Vigorous activities | - | 1.76 (1.74, 1.78) | 1.73 (1.71, 1.75) | 2.9 | 0.089 | 0.011 | <0.1 | 0.94 | <0.01 | 5.2 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 15.2 | <0.001 | 0.938 |
| + | 1.71 (1.69, 1.73) | 1.74 (1.73, 1.76) | |||||||||||||
| Q7 Climbing one | - | 2.57 (2.54, 2.59) | 2.55 (2.52, 2.57) | 57.3 | <0.001 | 0.175 | 1.9 | 0.173 | <0.01 | 6.7 | 0.01 | 0.024 | 30.3 | <0.001 | 0.968 |
| flight of stairs | + | 2.4 (2.38, 2.42) | 2.47 (2.45, 2.49) | ||||||||||||
| Q24 To be nervous | - | 4.44 (4.37, 4.52) | 4.33 (4.25, 4.4) | 0.5 | 0.489 | <0.01 | <0.1 | 0.907 | <0.01 | 5.7 | 0.018 | 0.021 | 9.8 | <0.001 | 0.907 |
| + | 4.36 (4.31, 4.42) | 4.47 (4.42, 4.52) | |||||||||||||
| Q25 Depressive feelings | - | 5.32 (5.26, 5.38) | 5.25 (5.19, 5.31) | 6.2 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.1 | 0.819 | <0.01 | 4.5 | 0.034 | 0.017 | 11.9 | <0.001 | 0.923 |
| + | 5.15 (5.1, 5.19) | 5.24 (5.19, 5.28) | |||||||||||||
| Q31 To feel tired | - | 3.66 (3.6, 3.72) | 3.55 (3.49, 3.62) | 22.9 | <0.001 | 0.078 | 0.3 | 0.596 | <0.01 | 4.3 | 0.039 | 0.016 | 13.5 | <0.001 | 0.931 |
| + | 3.76 (3.72, 3.81) | 3.82 (3.78, 3.87) | |||||||||||||
Basal values (shown as median with quartiles) of monitored groups of male seniors (N=234; Experimental group: 122 males; Control group: 112 males)_
| Variable | Control group | Experimental group | p-value Mann-Whitney test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71 (67.1, 74.3) | 73 (68, 80) | 0.186 |
| Height (cm) | 174 (170, 178) | 174 (170, 180) | 0.790 |
| Weight (kg) | 82 (73.8, 94.3) | 85 (77.8, 90) | 0.575 |
| Body fat (%) | 26 (22, 35) | 26 (22, 33.3) | 0.838 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 34 (29, 39) | 35 (30, 40) | 0.388 |
| Static balance score | 14.5 (11, 16) | 14 (10.8, 15) | 0.394 |
| Dynamic balance (gait score) | 10 (9, 12) | 10 (8, 12) | 0.195 |
| Total balance score | 25 (21, 27) | 24 (18, 27) | 0.280 |
Basal values (shown as median with quartiles) of monitored groups of female seniors (N=266; Experimental group: 140 females; Control group: 126 females)_
| ID | KS | ES | p-valuew |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 70 (67, 76) | 73 (68, 80) | 0.034 |
| Height (cm) | 164 (160, 168) | 163 (158, 166) | 0.409 |
| Weight (kg) | 73 (64, 81.2) | 71.4 (62.5, 83) | 0.487 |
| Body fat (%) | 33.5 (30, 42) | 35 (27, 45.2) | 0.959 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 30 (25.3, 32.1) | 30 (24, 32) | 0.528 |
| Static balance score | 14 (11, 16) | 15 (10, 16) | 0.872 |
| Dynamic balance (gait score) | 10.5 (9, 12) | 11 (8, 12) | 0.800 |
| Total balance score | 24 (21, 27.8) | 25 (18, 28) | 0.823 |
Significant differences in pre-post changes (significant Group × Stage interaction) in the Tinetti balance test scores, body composition and social indicators after the balance-exercise intervention when a comparison is made between the experimental and control groups of monitored male seniors (N=234; experimental group: 122 males; control group: 112 males)_
| Variable | Experiment | ANOVA, factors and interaction | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage | Group | Pre-Post | Group × Stage | Subj(Group) | |||||||||||
| Pre | Post | F | p | η p2 | F | p | ηp2 | F | p | ηp2 | F | p | ηp2 | ||
| Static balance score | - | 13.8 (13.7, 13.9) | 13.9 (13.8, 14) | 30.2 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 29.7 | <0.001 | 0.167 | 11.1 | 0.001 | 0.07 | 46.1 | <0.001 | 0.979 |
| + | 13.2 (13.2, 13.3) | 13.8 (13.7, 13.8) | |||||||||||||
| Dynamic balance | - | 10.4 (10.3, 10.5) | 10.3 (10.3, 10.4) | 32 | <0.001 | 0.173 | 6.9 | 0.01 | 0.043 | 13.3 < | 0.001 | 0.08 | 34.2 | <0.001 | 0.972 |
| (gait score) | + | 9.9 (9.83, 9.96) | 10.2 (10.2, 10.3) | ||||||||||||
| Total balance score | - | 24.1 (24, 24.3) | 24.2 (24.1, 24.3) | 61 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 24.5 | <0.001 | 0.141 | 18.1 < | 0.001 | 0.108 | 66.2 | <0.001 | 0.985 |
| + | 23.1 (23, 23.2) | 23.9 (23.8, 24) | |||||||||||||
| Body fat (%) | - | 26.6 (26.3, 26.9) | 26.9 (26.6, 27.2) | 14.3 | <0.001 | 0.113 | 14.9 | <0.001 | 0.117 | 30.5 < | 0.001 | 0.214 | 60.3 | <0.001 | 0.984 |
| + | 26.9 (26.7, 27.2) | 25.2 (25, 25.5) | |||||||||||||
| Muscle mass (kg) | - | 33.9 (33.8, 34.1) | 33.9 (33.7, 34) | 243.8 | <0.001 | 0.683 | 40.9 | <0.001 | 0.266 | 48.7 < | 0.001 | 0.301 | 155.6 | <0.001 | 0.994 |
| + | 34.8 (34.7, 34.9) | 36.1 (36, 36.2) | |||||||||||||
| Q12 Self-help ability | - | 2.96 (2.95, 2.98) | 2.93 (2.92, 2.94) | 61.8 | <0.001 | 0.288 | 3.6 | 0.061 | 0.023 | 7.3 | 0.008 | 0.046 | 19 | <0.001 | 0.95 |
| + | 2.88 (2.87, 2.89) | 2.89 (2.88, 2.9) | |||||||||||||
| Q18 Accomplished | - | 1.85 (1.83, 1.87) | 1.82 (1.8, 1.85) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.115 | 0.2 | 0.624 | <0.01 | 4.8 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 14.5 | <0.001 | 0.936 |
| less than would like | + | 1.75 (1.73, 1.77) | 1.79 (1.77, 1.81) | ||||||||||||
| Q19 Less careful in | - | 1.85 (1.83, 1.87) | 1.85 (1.83, 1.87) | 54.5 | <0.001 | 0.263 | 4.7 | 0.032 | 0.03 | 4.7 | 0.032 | 0.03 | 19.7 | <0.001 | 0.952 |
| work or other activities | + | 1.72 (1.7, 1.73) | 1.78 (1.76, 1.8) | ||||||||||||
| Q26 Feelings | - | 2.94 (2.85, 3.04) | 2.64 (2.55, 2.73) | 27.5 | <0.001 | 0.153 | 7.3 | 0.008 | 0.046 | 5.8 | 0.018 | 0.036 | 11.9 | <0.001 | 0.923 |
| of calmness | + | 2.49 (2.42, 2.56) | 2.47 (2.4, 2.54) | ||||||||||||
| Q30 To be happy | - | 3.08 (2.98, 3.18) | 2.83 (2.73, 2.92) | 38 | <0.001 | 0.199 | 2.1 | 0.151 | 0.013 | 6.6 | 0.012 | 0.041 | 11.7 | <0.001 | 0.922 |
| + | 2.53 (2.45, 2.6) | 2.6 (2.52, 2.67) | |||||||||||||