Table 1
Differences in anthropometric measurements, biomedical analyses and functional parameters in regard to categories of nutritional status per MNA(a) and SCREEN II(b).
| Malnutrition/at-risk (N=259) | Normal nutrition (N=187) | P-value* | High risk (N=394) | Moderate/low risk (N=52) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albumin, g/l | 44.5 (4.1) | 45.8 (5.9) | 0.004 | 45.2 (5.6) | 45.2 (2.6) | 0.521 |
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 157.1 (127.1) | 153.6 (138.5) | 0.779 | 156.3 (135.8) | 144.8 (118.7) | 0.507 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.0 (1.2) | 5.4 (1.7) | <0.001 | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.6 (1) | 0.035 |
| Haemoglobin, g/l | 130 (18.9) | 136.7 (14.5) | 0.001 | 132.8 (17.5) | 140.3 (11.0) | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.9 (13.1) | 99.0 (12.4) | <0.001 | 96.0 (13.7) | 95.3 (8.5) | 0.718 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | 25.9 (3.7) | 27.6 (3.3) | <0.001 | 26.8 (3.7) | 26.9 (2.8) | 0.953 |
| Skinfold measurement (mm) | 14.4 (3.5) | 17.8 (7.3) | <0.001 | 15.9 (6.2) | 19.6 (6.07) | 0.001 |
| Calf circumference (cm) | 29.9 (4.3) | 34.4 (3.5) | <0.001 | 32.2 (4.6) | 33.8 (2.9) | 0.017 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 (5.2) | 28.6 (4.5) | <0.001 | 27.0 (5.2) | 27.8 (2.9) | 0.269 |
| 6-CIT(c) | 15.7 (5.9) | 7.2 (5.8) | <0.001 | 11.8 (7.2) | 5.3 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Timed Go and Up Test (secs) | 23.8 (9.9) | 13.4 (8.9) | <0.001 | 19.1 (10.9) | 9.7 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Functional Reach Test (cm) | 18.5 (8.5) | 31.5 (11.1) | <0.001 | 24.2 (11.2) | 38.2 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Katz Index | 4.5 (1.9) | 5.8 (0.8) | <0.001 | 5.2 (1.6) | 6.0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Lawton Scale | 5.4 (3.1) | 7.6 (1.3) | <0.001 | 6.5 (2.7) | 8.0 (0) | <0.001 |
Table 2
Mean ferritin, haemoglobin albumin and total cholesterol concentrations in the Bosnian elderly population by age and gender.
| Age/years | N (%) | Mean (SD) | P* | Mean (SD) | P* | Mean (SD) | P* | Mean (SD) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 65–74 | 96 (49) | 227.7 (170.6) | 0.080 | 146.3 (15.1) | <0.001 | 46.2 (3.2) | 0.005 | 5.3 (1.1) | 0.004 |
| (n=195) | 75–84 | 66 (33) | 170.8 (131.3) | 138.5 (17.9) | 44.6 (3.1) | 5.0 (1.1) | ||||
| >85 | 33 (16) | 194.3 (176.2) | 135.4 (15.7) | 44.6 (3.7) | 4.6(1) | |||||
| Women | 65–74 | 111 (44) | 101.6 (6.3) | <0.001 | 133.6 (11.9) | <0.001 | 46.2 (8.4) | 0.062 | 5.5 (1) | 0.031 |
| (n=251) | 75–84 | 110 (43) | 119.6 (9.4) | 124.2 (13.9) | 44.3 (3.8) | 5.4 (1.3) | ||||
| >85 | 30 (12) | 168.9 (22.7) | 117.4 (15.6) | 44.4 (4.6) | 4.9 (1.2) |
Table 3
Average daily dietary intakes of study participants in comparison with DRI recommendations.
| Variable* | Study participants’ intake (n=446) | DRI Recommendation | % DRI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (Cal) | 1330 (329) | 1900–2300 | 56–70% |
| Carbohydrate, g | 224 (79) | 130 | >100% |
| Fat, g | 32 (13) | 20–35 | >91% |
| Protein, g | 42 (14) | 46–56 | 75–91% |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 0.84 (0.1) | 1.5–1.7 | 49–56% |
| Vitamin B12, μg | 1 (0.6) | 2.4 | 74% |
| Vitamin C, mg | 33 (15) | 75–90 | 36–44 % |
| Vitamin E, mg | 2 (2) | 15 | 33% |
| Vitamin D, μg | 2 (0.2) | 15–20 | 12–16 |
| Magnesium, mg | 127 (45) | 320–420 | 30–40% |
| Zinc, mg | 4 (1) | 9–11 | 37–46% |
| Calcium, mg | 486 (116) | 1,200 | 40% |
| Iron, mg | 13 (4) | 8–18 | >50% |
| Potassium, g | 1 (0.6) | 4.7 | 28% |
| Sodium, g | 0.60 (455) | 1.2 | 50% |
| Folate, μg | 115 (32) | 400 | 29% |
Table 4
Variables associated with biochemical biomarkers (multivariate linear regression analyses).
| min | max | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albuminb | |||||
| Meals, 3/day | 1.55 | 0.19 | 0.73 | 2.22 | <0.001 |
| Fruit/vegetable servings | -0.59 | -0.10 | -1.02 | 0.13 | 0.024 |
| Wine, one glass a day | 4.21 | 0.23 | 2.35 | 5.87 | <0.001 |
| IADL | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.46 | 0.011 |
| Ferritinc | |||||
| Female | -0.48 | -0.21 | -0.72 | 0.23 | <0.001 |
| Living in nursing home | -0.61 | -0.25 | -0.84 | -0.34 | <0.001 |
| Edentulism | -0.03 | -0.08 | -0.70 | 0.00 | 0.011 |
| Chronic diseases, more than 3 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.28 | 0.02 | 0.005 |
| Fruit/vegetable servings | 0.01 | -0.01 | -0.02 | 0.06 | 0.028 |
| BMI | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.015 |
| Haemoglobind | |||||
| Female | -12.95 | -0.37 | -15.45- | -9.85 | <0.001 |
| Age | -3.91 | -0.10 | -7.14 | -0.68 | 0.011 |
| Number of medications, more than 3 | -0.83 | -0.01 | -1.39 | -0.26 | 0.004 |
| Wine, one glass a day | 6.53 | 0.01 | 1.62 | 11.44 | 0.037 |
| Mobility | -0.31 | -0.20 | -0.54 | -0.11 | 0.003 |
| BMI | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.003 |
| Total cholesterole | |||||
| Fruit/vegetable servings | 1.56 | 0.01 | 0.50 | 1.93 | 0.031 |
| Female | 0.40 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.60 | <0.001 |
| Age | -0.16 | -0.06 | -0.41 | 0.08 | 0.016 |
| Drinking sweetened drinks, >2 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.024 |
| Whole milk consumption | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Balance | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.40 | <0.001 |
[iii] b Variables included in the model were age, number of meals, daily intake of fruit/vegetables, daily intake of wine, physical activity, IAD as assessed using the Lawton Scale.
[iv] c Variables included in the model were gender, living environment, edentulism, health perception, number of chronic diseases, daily intake of fruit/vegetables, daily intake of soft drinks, BMI.
[v] d Variables included in the model were age, gender, having a hobby, number of visits to a family physician per year, number of medications, daily intake of wine, daily intake of dairy products, daily intake of fruit/vegetables, weekly intake of fish, 6-CIT score, BMI, mobility as assessed with the Timed Get-up-and-Go Test.