Figure 1
Sociodemographic factors and health status before the RTA_
| Sociodemographic factors and health status | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 108 | 54.0 |
| Female | 92 | 46.0 |
| Age group (years) | ||
| Younger (18–41) | 97 | 48.5 |
| Older (≥42) | 103 | 51.5 |
| Place of residence | ||
| Urban | 87 | 43.5 |
| Rural | 113 | 56.5 |
| Education | ||
| Primary | 38 | 19.0 |
| Secondary | 125 | 62.5 |
| Higher education | 37 | 18.5 |
| Employment | ||
| Employed | 116 | 58.0 |
| Out of work | 52 | 26.0 |
| Retired from work | 32 | 16.0 |
| Relationship status | ||
| Single | 71 | 35.5 |
| Has a partner | 129 | 64.5 |
| Self-assessed economic status | ||
| Under average | 40 | 20.0 |
| Average | 116 | 58.0 |
| Above average | 44 | 22.0 |
| Religiousness | ||
| No | 19 | 9.5 |
| Yes | 181 | 90.5 |
| Smoking | ||
| No | 129 | 64.5 |
| Yes | 71 | 35.5 |
| Alcohol use | ||
| No | 99 | 49.5 |
| Yes | 101 | 50.5 |
| Drug abuse | ||
| No | 197 | 98.5 |
| Yes | 3 | 1.5 |
| Use of medications | ||
| No | 98 | 49.0 |
| Yes | 102 | 51.0 |
| Type of medications | ||
| None | 98 | 49.0 |
| Non-psychiatric | 78 | 9.0 |
| Psychiatric | 7 | 3.5 |
| All types | 17 | 8.5 |
| Previous RTAs | ||
| No | 116 | 58.0 |
| Yes | 84 | 42.0 |
| Traumatic exposures | ||
| No | 96 | 48.0 |
| Yes | 104 | 52.0 |
| Prior PTSD | ||
| No | 193 | 96.5 |
| Yes | 7 | 3.5 |
| Chronic disease | ||
| No | 116 | 58.0 |
| Yes | 84 | 42.0 |
| Psychiatric disease | ||
| No | 178 | 89.0 |
| Yes | 22 | 11.0 |
| Permanent pain | ||
| No | 181 | 90.5 |
| Yes | 19 | 9.5 |
Correlation between quality of life and mental health outcomes after the RTA_
| QoL domains | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental health | PF | PR | ER | VT | MH | SF | BP | GH |
| Depression symptoms | rs=-0.410 | rs=-0.364 | rs=-0.430 | rs=-0.588 | rs=-0.586 | rs=-0.582 | rs=-0.438 | rs=-0.593 |
| p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | |
| Anxiety symptoms | rs=-0.274 | rs=-0.263 | rs=-0.523 | rs=-0.446 | rs=-0.378 | rs=-0.485 | rs=-0.427 | rs=-0.442 |
| p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | |
| PTSD symptoms | rs=-0.380 | rs=-0.345 | rs=-0.449 | rs=-0.476 | rs=-0.552 | rs=-0.549 | rs=-0.527 | rs=-0.437 |
| p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation | |
Quality of life of the participants after the RTA_
| QoL domains | Median | Interquartile range |
|---|---|---|
| Physical functioning | 70.0 | 30.0–100.0 |
| Role limitations due to physical health | 0.0 | 0.0–100.0 |
| Role limitations due to emotional health | 100.0 | 67.0–100.0 |
| Vitality | 60.0 | 50.0–75.0 |
| Mental health | 68.0 | 52.0–76.0 |
| Social functioning | 75.0 | 50.0–100.0 |
| Bodily pain | 55.0 | 33.0–80.0 |
| General health | 70.0 | 55.0–84.0 |
Health status following the RTA_
| Health status following the RTA | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Number of injuries | ||
| Without injures | 31 | 15.5 |
| One | 45 | 22.5 |
| Multiple | 124 | 62.0 |
| Injury location | ||
| None | 31 | 15.5 |
| Head | 18 | 9.0 |
| Face | 2 | 1.0 |
| Neck | 8 | 4.0 |
| Chest | 8 | 4.0 |
| Abdomen | 1 | 0.5 |
| Spine | 3 | 1.5 |
| Upper extremities | 3 | 1.5 |
| Lower extremities | 10 | 5.0 |
| Several locations | 116 | 58.0 |
| Major injury | ||
| Without injuries | 31 | 15.5 |
| Head | 58 | 29.0 |
| Neck | 37 | 18.5 |
| Chest | 19 | 9.5 |
| Abdomen | 12 | 6.0 |
| Upper extremities | 17 | 8.5 |
| Lower extremities | 26 | 13.0 |
| Injury level | ||
| Without injury | 31 | 15.5 |
| Minor | 96 | 48.0 |
| Moderate | 36 | 18.0 |
| Serious | 28 | 14.0 |
| Severe | 6 | 3.0 |
| Critical | 3 | 1.5 |
| Self-assessed life-threat | ||
| No | 108 | 54.0 |
| Yes | 92 | 46.0 |
| Loss of consciousness | ||
| No | 168 | 84.0 |
| Yes | 32 | 16.0 |
| Loss of memory | ||
| No | 172 | 86.0 |
| Yes | 28 | 14.0 |
| Hospitalization | ||
| No | 136 | 68.0 |
| Yes | 64 | 32.0 |
| Days in hospital | ||
| None | 136 | 68.0 |
| 1–3 | 27 | 13.5 |
| 4–10 | 19 | 9.5 |
| 11 and more | 18 | 9.0 |
| Surgery | ||
| No | 180 | 90.0 |
| Yes | 20 | 10.0 |
| Rehabilitation | ||
| No | 154 | 77.0 |
| Yes | 46 | 23.0 |
| Pain following the RTA | ||
| No | 47 | 23.5 |
| Yes | 153 | 76.5 |
| Symptoms of PTSD | ||
| No | 129 | 64.5 |
| Yes | 71 | 35.5 |
| Symptoms of depression | ||
| No | 160 | 80.0 |
| Yes | 40 | 20.0 |
| Symptoms of anxiety | ||
| No | 191 | 95.5 |
| Yes | 9 | 4.5 |
RTA details_
| RTA details. | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Type of road users | ||
| Driver of motor vehicle | 122 | 61.0 |
| Co-driver or a passenger | 61 | 30.5 |
| Pedestrian or a cyclist | 17 | 8.5 |
| Motor vehicles crashed | ||
| None | 1 | 0.5 |
| One | 92 | 46.0 |
| Two or more | 107 | 53.5 |
| Injured | ||
| None | 29 | 14.5 |
| One | 84 | 42.0 |
| 2–3 | 72 | 36.0 |
| More than 3 | 15 | 7.5 |
| Fatal outcomes | ||
| No | 195 | 97.5 |
| Yes | 5 | 2.5 |
| At fault | ||
| No | 123 | 61.5 |
| Yes | 70 | 35.0 |
| Unknown | 7 | 3.5 |
| Claimed compensation | ||
| No | 113 | 56.5 |
| Yes | 87 | 43.5 |
| Obtained compensation | ||
| No | 180 | 90.0 |
| Yes | 20 | 10.0 |
Factors influencing quality of life following the RTA_
| QoL domains | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors | PF | PR | ER | VT | MH | SF | BP | GH |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||||
| Gender | p=0.681 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.651 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.020 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.072 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.064 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.408 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.052 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.118 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Age group | p=0.084 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.204 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.226 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.078 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.012 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.079 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.959 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Place of residence | p=0.795 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.098 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.876 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.427 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.096 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.069 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.224 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.469 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Education | p=0.478 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.045 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.182 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.344 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.152 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.828 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.118 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.034 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Employment | p=0.087 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.403 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.037 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.094 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.067 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.988 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.007 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Marital status | p=0.628 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.965 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.101 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.465 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.671 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.874 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.525 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.708 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Self-assessed economic status | p=0.014 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.032 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.049 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.245 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.003 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Religiousness | p=0.898 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.407 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.868 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.010 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.041 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.130 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.072 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.862 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Pre-RTA health | ||||||||
| Body mass index | p=0.182 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.496 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.754 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.319 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.538 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.141 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.612 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.182 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Smoking | p=0.620 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.214 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.260 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.056 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.096 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.198 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.510 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.097 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Alcohol consumption | p=0.020 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.007 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.046 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.009 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.028 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.036 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.005 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.003 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Drug abuse | p=0.637 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.314 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.969 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.214 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.566 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.500 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.425 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.272 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Previous RTAs | p=0.840 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.774 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.709 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.589 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.083 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.793 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.864 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.133 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Previous traumatic exposures | p=0.983 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.510 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.471 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.032 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.116 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.394 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.604 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.031 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Prior PTSD | p=0.890 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.612 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.986 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.941 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.308 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.882 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.776 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.206 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Chronic disease | p=0.039 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.026 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.410 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.043 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.073 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Psychiatric disease | p=0.435 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.061 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.024 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.057 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.452 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.039 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.010 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Previous permanent pain | p=0.828 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.771 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.069 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.033 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.172 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.052 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.014 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Use of medications | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.058 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Types of medications | p<0.001b | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.253 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001b | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| RTA injury-related | ||||||||
| Injury affliction | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.228 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.061 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.003 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.008 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Injury severity | p<0.001b | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.347 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.081 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Self-assessed life-threat | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.013 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.002 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Pain following the RTA | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.002 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Hospitalization | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.200 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.177 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.053 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Hospitalization duration | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.318 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.244 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.128 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test | p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Surgery | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.281 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.045 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.036 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Loss of consciousness | p=0.033 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.088 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.334 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.393 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.597 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.298 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.311 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.355 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Loss of memory | p=0.226 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.150 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.962 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.196 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.097 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.116 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.984 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.190 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Rehabilitation | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.086 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.095 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.012 Mann-Whitney U test |
| RTA-related | ||||||||
| Fault | p=0.109 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.659 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.393 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.322 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.657 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.537 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.024 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.461 Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Fatalities | p=0.953 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.541 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.618 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.762 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.147 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.157 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.343 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.421 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Compensation claim | p=0.072 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.140 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.005 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.178 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.031 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.367 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Obtained compensation | p=0.474 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.102 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.232 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.537 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.155 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.370 Mann-Whitney U test | p=0.607 Mann-Whitney U test |
| Type of road users | p=0.007 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.053 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.502 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.156 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.070 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.113 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.017 Kruskal-Wallis test | p=0.004 Kruskal-Wallis test |