| Jacobs et al., 2017 (16) | Cross-sectional study | Dancers from nine professional ballet and modern dance companies (n=260, Ba=178, Mo=82) | | The prevalence of injury is high in professional dancers. The number of years dancing and the dancer’s rank are associated with injury in professional ballet dancers. |
| Shah et al., 2012 (18) | Self-reported retrospective study | Professional modern dancers (n=184, F=135, M=49) | Anonymous survey (demographics, forms of dance, modern dance techniques, other forms of exercise, health insurance, number of musculoskeletal injuries in the last year) | Professional modern dancers suffer from a rate of injury similar to other groups of professional dancers. No significant difference between gender and age and incidence of injury. |
| Ojofeitimi et al., 2012 (22) | Self-reported retrospective study | Intermediate, advanced, and expert hip-hop dancers (n=312, F=169, M=143, BD=68%, PL=21%, NS=11%) | Online survey:
| Break dancers had a higher injury incidence compared with popping/locking and New School dancers. Hip-hop dancers report injury rates higher than other dance forms, but similar to gymnastics. |
| Kauther et al., 2009 (20) | Descriptive retrospective epidemiological study | Professional (n=40) and amateur (n=104) break dancers | Self-reported questionnaire:
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General part (demographics, up and stretching time, other training time, length of warm-sporting activities, extent of medical treatment) - -
Information about injuries (50 injuries in nine anatomical regions), severity (loss of training time), overuse/traumatic injury
| Break dancing must be considered a potentially high-risk dancing sport. Even when suffering from severe injuries, dancers interrupt training only for limited periods of time. |
| Cho et al., 2009 (21) | Descriptive retrospective epidemiological study | Professional (n=23) and amateur (n=19) break dancers | - -
Self-reported questionnaire - -
Question about injuries (ten different body parts) - -
Radiographs of cervical spine, lumbar spine, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle - -
CT and MRI if needed
| Clinicians must enquire thoroughly into the nature of the activities that result in both unusual and common injuries in break dancers, and must educate them about safety. Careful screening, instruction and supervised training of break dancers will help to prevent injury. |
