Table 1
Dental patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Dental patients (n=2,076) | mean (SD) or % |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Gender (female) | 59.7 |
| Age (years) | 54.7 (16.2) |
| Language | |
| English | 84.5 |
| Spanish | 15.5 |
| Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 12.3 |
| Unknown | 87.7 |
| Self-reported oral health | |
| Excellent | 6.5 |
| Very good | 24.1 |
| Good | 35.2 |
| Moderate | 25.6 |
| Poor | 8.5 |
| Self-reported general health | |
| Excellent | 10.3 |
| Very good | 36.8 |
| Good | 38.4 |
| Moderate | 13.0 |
| Poor | 1.3 |
| OHIP summary scores | |
| OHIP-49 | 32.0 (32.3) |
| OHIP-14 | 7.7 (9.4) |
| OHIP-5 | 3.4 (3.7) |
| OHIP-49 dimensional scores | |
| Oral Function | 6.4 (7.6) |
| Orofacial Pain | 6.0 (5.7) |
| Orofacial Appearance | 6.9 (7.0) |
| Psychosocial Impact | 7.8 (12.0) |
| PROMIS v.1.1 Global Health dimensional scores | |
| Physical Health | 15.3 (2.9) |
| Mental Health | 15.1 (3.0) |
[i] Legend: SD=standard deviation; OHIP=Oral Health Impact Profile; PROMIS=Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System
Figure 1
Structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis for correlations of one second-ordered global OHRQoL measure (OHIP-49) and two first-ordered HRQoL measures (PROMIS v.1.1 Global Health).
Note: Circles reflect latent constructs, and rectangles represent measured variables.
Table 2
Model 1 estimated correlation matrix for first and second-order OHRQoL and HRQoL factors from structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis.
| Factors | Physical Health | Mental Health | OHRQoL | Oral Function | Orofacial Appearance | Orofacial Pain | Psychosocial Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Health | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mental Health | 0.89 | 1.00 | |||||
| OHRQoL | 0.55 | 0.51 | 1.00 | ||||
| Oral Function | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.81 | 1.00 | |||
| Orofacial Appearance | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 1.00 | ||
| Orofacial Pain | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 1.00 | |
| Psychosocial Impact | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 1.00 |
[i] Note: The highlighted correlations are the only correlations that are specified by Model 1. All other correlations between all latent variables and dimensions were generated but were not specified by the model.
Table 3
Model Fit Indices of Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3.
| Model Fit Indices | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Index value | |||
| Comparative Fit Index (CFI) | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.94 |
| Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.94 |
| Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (RMSEA) | 0.06 (95%CI:0.063–0.065) | 0.06 (95%CI:0.063–0.065) | 0.06 (95%CI:0.061–0.063) |
| Weighted Root Mean Square Residual (WRMR) | 3.14 | 3.14 | 3.16 |
[i] Note: The highlighted correlations are the only correlations that are specified by Model 1. All other correlations between all latent variables and dimensions were generated but were not specified by the model.
Figure 2
Structural Equation Modeling Path Analysis for correlations of one second-ordered global OHRQoL measure (OHIP-49) and two first-ordered HRQoL measures (PROMIS v.1.1 Global Health).
Note: Circles reflect latent constructs, and rectangles represent measured variables.
Table 4
Estimated correlation matrix for first and second-order factors from structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis for Model 2.
| Factors | HRQoL | Physical Health | Mental Health | OHRQoL | Oral Function | Orofacial Appearance | Orofacial Pain | Psychosocial Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRQoL | 1.00 | |||||||
| Physical Health | 0.98 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mental Health | 0.90 | 0.89 | 1.00 | |||||
| OHRQoL | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 1.00 | ||||
| Oral Function | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.81 | 1.00 | |||
| Orofacial Appearance | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 1.00 | ||
| Orofacial Pain | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 1.00 | |
| Psychosocial Impact | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 1.00 |
[i] Note: The highlighted correlations are the only correlations that are specified by Model 2. All other correlations between all latent variables and dimensions were generated but were not specified by the model.
Figure 3
Structural Equation Modeling Path Analysis for correlations of one second-ordered global OHRQoL measure (OHIP-49) and two first-ordered HRQoL measures (PROMIS v.1.1 Global Health). Note: Circles reflect latent constructs, and rectangles represent measured variables.
Note: Circles reflect latent constructs, and rectangles represent measured variables.
Table 5
The structural equation modeling path analysis model estimated standardized regression coefficients (SE). Standardized estimates are for the mean change in factor score for one standard deviation increase in the independent variable.
| Independent variables | Factors | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OHRQoL | Physical Health | Mental Health | ||||
| Estimate (SE) | p-value | Estimate (SE) | p-value | Estimate (SE) | p-value | |
| Age | 0.052 (0.023) | 0.024 | −0.167 (0.022) | <0.001 | 0.007 (0.018) | 0.704 |
| Female | −0.029 (0.023) | 0.195 | −0.101 (0.022) | <0.001 | −0.055 (0.018) | 0.003 |
| Depression score | −0.410 (0.019) | <0.001 | −0.520 (0.018) | <0.001 | −0.663 (0.012) | <0.001 |
[i] Legend: SE=standard error; OHRQoL=Oral Health-Related Quality of Life.
Table 6
Estimated correlation matrix for first and second-order factors adjusted for age, gender, and depression score for Model 3.
| Factors | Physical Health | Mental Health | OHRQoL | Oral Function | Orofacial Appearance | Orofacial Pain | Psychosocial Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Health | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mental Health | 0.87 | 1.00 | |||||
| OHRQoL | 0.52 | 0.47 | 1.00 | ||||
| Oral Function | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.83 | 1.00 | |||
| Orofacial Appearance | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.88 | 0.73 | 1.00 | ||
| Orofacial Pain | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 1.00 | |
| Psychosocial Impact | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 1.00 |
[i] Note: The highlighted correlations are the only correlations that are specified by Model 3. All other correlations estimates were generated but were not specified by the model.