Prevalence of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills in the Serbian male population and association with selected socio-demographic, health, and healthcare system characteristics, n=7,053_
| Female population characteristics | Prevalence of TSP self-medication, (%) | 95% CI | Crude OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female TSP users | 2.2 | 1.9–2.6 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–24 | 0.4 | 0.1–0.7 | - | - |
| 25–34 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.5 | 2.72 | 0.82–9.04 |
| 35–44 | 2.0 | 1.2–2.8 | 5.86 | 1.91–18.07 |
| 45–54 | 2.8 | 1.8–3.7 | 8.31 | 2.77–24.99 |
| 55–64 | 3.1 | 2.2–4.1 | 9.34 | 3.14–27.78 |
| 65–74 | 4.1 | 2.7–5.6 | 12.54 | 4.15–37.86 |
| ≥ 75 | 3.3 | 1.8–4.9 | 10.09 | 3.20–31.80 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | 1.4 | 1.0–1.8 | - | - |
| Unemployed | 2.9 | 2.1–3.7 | 2.08 | 1.37–3.16 |
| Pupil/Student | 0.5 | 0.1–0.9 | 0.29 | 0.09–1.00 |
| Retiree | 3.6 | 2.7–4.5 | 2.63 | 1.76–3.91 |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education/Primary school | 2.0 | 1.3–2.6 | - | - |
| Secondary school | 2.4 | 2.0–2.9 | 1.25 | 0.84–1.87 |
| Undergraduate/Postgraduate studies | 2.0 | 1.2–2.8 | 1.00 | 0.58–1.72 |
| Self-assessment of health status | ||||
| Very good/Good/Fair | 1.6 | 1.3–1.9 | - | |
| Poor/Very poor | 6.9 | 5.1–8.6 | 4.52 | 3.24–6.30 |
| Presence of chronic disease | ||||
| No | 0.6 | 0.3–0.9 | - | |
| Yes | 4.0 | 3.3–4.7 | 6.73 | 4.30–10.53 |
| Exposure to stress during four weeks prior to the interview | ||||
| No/Yes, not more than others | 1.5 | 1.2–1.8 | - | |
| Yes, more than others/Yes, unbearable | 8.5 | 6.4–10.6 | 6.03 | 4.32–8.40 |
| Physical pain during four weeks prior to the interview | ||||
| No/Very mild | 1.0 | 0.7–1.2 | - | |
| Mild/Moderate | 5.2 | 4.0–6.3 | 5.57 | 3.87–8.03 |
| Severe/Very severe | 5.7 | 3.8–7.6 | 6.18 | 3.95–9.66 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to a long waiting time for health service | ||||
| No | 2.5 | 2.0–3.0 | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 0.7 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.27 | 0.16–0.45 |
| Yes | 6.4 | 4.6–8.3 | 2.72 | 1.89–3.92 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to distance or transportation barriers | ||||
| No | 2.8 | 2.3–3.3 | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 0.6 | 0.3–0.9 | 0.22 | 0.13-0.38 |
| Yes | 10.2 | 6.1–14.4 | 4.00 | 2.48-6.47 |
| Satisfaction with public health service | ||||
| Very satisfied/Satisfied | 2.0 | 1.5–2.5 | - | |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 2.5 | 1.8–3.2 | 1.25 | 0.86–1.82 |
| Dissatisfied/Very dissatisfied | 3.4 | 2.3–4.4 | 1.68 | 1.13–2.50 |
| Satisfaction with private health service | ||||
| Very satisfied/Satisfied | 2.6 | 2.0–3.3 | - | |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 2.2 | 1.3–3.1 | 0.82 | 0.51–1.33 |
| Dissatisfied/Very dissatisfied | 4.0 | 1.9–6.1 | 1.53 | 0.85–2.77 |
Potential predictors of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills among selected socio-demographic, health, and healthcare system characteristics in the Serbian female population, n=7,570_
| Female population characteristics | Adjusted OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| 15–24 | - | |
| 25–34 | 1.86 | 0.71–4.84 |
| 35–44 | 2.63 | 1.00–6.88* |
| 45–54 | 3.37 | 1.30–8.72 |
| 55–64 | 4.75 | 1.83–12.33 |
| 65–74 | 2.96 | 1.10–7.97 |
| ≥75 | 2.62 | 0.96–7.14 |
| Employment status | ||
| Employed | - | |
| Unemployed | 1.14 | 0.84–1.55 |
| Pupil/Student | 1.13 | 0.40–3.25 |
| Retiree | 1.03 | 0.72–1.48 |
| Education | ||
| No formal education/Primary school | - | |
| Secondary school | 1.06 | 0.83–1.35 |
| Undergraduate/Postgraduate studies | 0.84 | 0.58–1.21 |
| Self-assessment of health status | ||
| Very good/Good/Fair | - | |
| Poor/Very poor | 0.87 | 0.67–1.13 |
| Presence of chronic disease | ||
| No | - | |
| Yes | 2.57 | 1.83–3.61 |
| Exposure to stress in the four weeks prior to interview | ||
| No/Yes, not more than others | - | |
| Yes, more than others/Yes, unbearable | 2.51 | 1.99–3.16 |
| Physical pain in the four weeks prior to interview | ||
| No/Very mild | - | |
| Mild/Moderate | 1.43 | 1.11–1.83 |
| Severe/Very severe | 1.49 | 1.12–1.99 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to a long waiting time for health service | ||
| No | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 0.69 | 0.33–1.43 |
| Yes | 1.09 | 0.82–1.44 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to distance or transportation barriers | ||
| No | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 1.15 | 0.78–1.71 |
| Yes | 1.07 | 0.54–2.13 |
Potential predictors of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills among selected socio-demographic, health, and healthcare system characteristics in the Serbian male population, n=7,053_
| Male population characteristics | Adjusted OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| 15–24 | - | |
| 25–34 | 2.36 | 0.53–10.56 |
| 35–44 | 3.62 | 0.81–16.27 |
| 45–54 | 3.66 | 0.82–16.31 |
| 55–64 | 3.08 | 0.68–13.85 |
| 65–74 | 3.95 | 0.80–19.40 |
| ≥75 | 3.17 | 0.62–16.17 |
| Employment status | ||
| Employed | - | |
| Unemployed | 1.86 | 1.19–2.91 |
| Pupil/Student | 1.65 | 0.31–8.81 |
| Retiree | 1.30 | 0.69–2.46 |
| Self-assessment of health status | ||
| Very good/Good/Fair | - | |
| Poor/Very poor | 1.09 | 0.72–1.64 |
| Presence of chronic disease | ||
| No | - | |
| Yes | 2.32 | 1.38–3.90 |
| Exposure to stress in the four weeks prior to interview | ||
| No/Yes, not more than others | - | |
| Yes, more than others/Yes, unbearable | 3.25 | 2.24–4.73 |
| Physical pain in the four weeks prior to the interview | ||
| No/Very mild | - | |
| Mild/Moderate | 2.68 | 1.81–3.99 |
| Severe/Very severe | 1.85 | 1.10–3.12 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to the long waiting time for health service | ||
| No | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 1.94 | 0.52–7.25 |
| Yes | 1.43 | 0.93–2.18 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to distance or transportation barriers | ||
| No | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 0.28 | 0.08–1.06 |
| Yes | 1.55 | 0.87–2.76 |
| Satisfaction with public health service | ||
| Very satisfied/Satisfied | - | |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 1.09 | 0.73–1.63 |
| Dissatisfied/Very dissatisfied | 0.99 | 0.64–1.54 |
Prevalence of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills in the Serbian female population and association with selected socio-demographic, health, and healthcare system characteristics, n=7,570_
| Female population characteristics | Prevalence of TSP self-medication, (%) | 95% CI | Crude OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female TSP users | 5.6 | 5.0–6.1 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–24 | 1.0 | 0.4–1.7 | - | |
| 25–34 | 2.4 | 1.5–3.2 | 2.20 | 1.07–4.54 |
| 35–44 | 4.0 | 2.9–5.1 | 3.85 | 1.96–7.60 |
| 45–54 | 6.6 | 5.2–8.0 | 6.51 | 3.40–12.49 |
| 55–64 | 10.2 | 8.6–11.8 | 10.43 | 5.53–19.67 |
| 65–74 | 7.0 | 5.3–8.7 | 6.94 | 3.58–13.44 |
| ≥75 | 6.6 | 4.9–8.3 | 6.53 | 3.34–12.76 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | 4.1 | 3.2–4.9 | - | |
| Unemployed | 6.0 | 5.1–6.9 | 1.49 | 1.14–1.96 |
| Pupil/Student | 1.1 | 0.4–1.9 | 0.28 | 0.14–0.57 |
| Retiree | 7.9 | 6.7–9.0 | 2.01 | 1.53–2.63 |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education/Primary school | 6.6 | 5.7–7.5 | - | |
| Secondary school | 5.3 | 4.6–6.0 | 0.79 | 0.64–0.97 |
| Undergraduate/Postgraduate studies | 3.9 | 2.8–5.0 | 0.58 | 0.42–0.80 |
| Self-assessment of health status | ||||
| Very good/Good/Fair | 4.6 | 4.1–5.1 | - | |
| Poor/Very poor | 9.5 | 8.0–11.0 | 2.16 | 1.75–2.67 |
| Presence of chronic disease | ||||
| No | 1.8 | 1.3–2.2 | - | |
| Yes | 8.2 | 7.4–9.0 | 4.98 | 3.74–6.64 |
| Exposure to stress during four weeks prior to the interview | ||||
| No/Yes, not more than others | 4.3 | 3.8–4.8 | - | |
| Yes, more than others/Yes, unbearable | 13.4 | 11.4–15.4 | 3.48 | 2.81–4.30 |
| Physical pain during four weeks prior to the interview | ||||
| No/Very mild | 3.4 | 2.8–3.9 | - | |
| Mild/Moderate | 7.3 | 6.2–8.4 | 2.26 | 1.79–2.85 |
| Severe/Very severe | 9.4 | 7.8–11.0 | 2.97 | 2.30–3.83 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to a long waiting time for health service | ||||
| No | 5.9 | 5.2–6.6 | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 2.5 | 1.7–3.3 | 0.41 | 0.30–0.57 |
| Yes | 8.6 | 6.9–10.2 | 1.49 | 1.17–1.91 |
| Unmet healthcare needs in the past 12 months due to distance or transportation barriers | ||||
| No | 6.1 | 5.4–6.7 | - | |
| No need for healthcare | 2.7 | 2.0–3.5 | 0.44 | 0.32–0.60 |
| Yes | 10.6 | 7.5–13.7 | 1.83 | 1.30–2.58 |
| Satisfaction with public health service | ||||
| Very satisfied/Satisfied | 5.3 | 4.6–6.0 | - | |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 5.8 | 4.8–6.9 | 1.11 | 0.88–1.41 |
| Dissatisfied/Very dissatisfied | 6.3 | 5.1–7.5 | 1.21 | 0.94–1.56 |
| Satisfaction with private health service | ||||
| Very satisfied/Satisfied | 4.7 | 4.0–5.5 | - | |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 5.6 | 4.2–7.0 | 1.20 | 0.87–1.64 |
| Dissatisfied/Very dissatisfied | 7.1 | 4.3–9.9 | 1.55 | 0.98–2.43 |