Work-Related stress factors in nurses at Slovenian hospitals – A cross-sectional study

Type of work	Category	N	N%
Highest level of nursing education	PNs	461	46.9%
	RN or BSc Nur	492	51.1%
	Master’s degree	28	2.8%
	PhD	2	0.2%
Job position	PN	461	46.9%
	RN or BSc Nur	416	42.3%
	Professional Dpt. Head of Nursing / Dpt./Unit Head Nurse	77	7.8%
	Professional Div. Head of Nursing /Div. Head Nurse	3	0.3%
	Other	26	2.6%
Employment status	Temporary job	96	9.8%
	Permanent job	886	90.1%
	No reply	1	0.1%
Overtime	Yes	771	78.4%
	No	207	21.1%
	No reply	5	0.5%

[i] Legend: PN – practical nurse, RN – Registered nurse, BS – bachelor’s degree, PhD – doctorate

Table 2

Characteristics of a sample.

Variable	N	M	SD
Age	983	39.94	10.18
Years of Service	983	18.53	11.31
Years of Service (Institution)	983	16.81	11.43
Number of working Sunday peer month	873	1.72	0.73
Number of working Saturday peer month	881	1.94	0.88

[i] Legend: N – Number of valid cases, M – Mean, SD – Standard deviation

Table 3

Descriptive characteristic of Adapted Nursing Stress Scale and Cronbach’s α for observed factors.

Factor / item	N	M	SD	Me	Sk	Ku
Cronbach α = 0,910, explains the variance of 62%
Factor 1 – Organizational Stress Factors	979	3.22	0.79	3.17	-0.105	-0.150
Cronbach α = 0.842, explains the variance of 42.1%
Factor 2 – Conflictual Communication among Peers	982	2.90	1.07	3.00	0.185	-0.779
Cronbach α = 0.929, explains the variance of 9.6%
Factor 3 – Poor Relationships with patients and family	982	3.31	0.92	3.33	-0.129	-0.507
Cronbach α = 0.826, explains the variance of 6.2%
Factor 4 – Management Requirements	977	2.87	0.94	3.00	-0.013	-0.359
Cronbach α = 0.742, explains the variance of 4.2%

[i] Legend: N – Number of valid cases, M – Mean on 5-point scale, SD – Standard deviation, Me – Median, Sk – Skewness, Ku – Kurtosis

Table 4

Comparison of NSS-A factor’s mean values between groups.

	S		Factor 1		Factor 2		Factor 3		Factor 4
*Categorical Variables (dichotomous)*	t	p	t	p	t	p	t	p	t	p
Gender (male)	0.840	0.401	0.341	0.733	1.394	0.164	-0.793	0.428	2.052	0.040
Employment status (Temporary)	2.198	0.028	-2.239	0.025	2.216	0.027	1.145	0.253	1,.693	0.093
Job satisfaction? (Yes)	7.863	<0.001	-9.822	<0001	4.005	<0.001	5.248	0.000	3.200	0.001
*Categorical Variables (more than 2 categories)*			F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
Job Role	0.573	0.564	0.212	0.809	4.998	0.007	1.317	0.268	0.247	0.781
Institution	5.541	0.004	8.129	<0.001	1.791	0.167	0.861	0.487	0.895	0.409
Department	1.716	0.144	0.981	0.417	1.991	0.094	5.091	0.007	3.136	0.016
*Continuous Variables*	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p
Years of Service (Institution)	-0.001	0.983	-0.010	0744	-0.041	0198	0.052	0.104	0.072	0.024
Years of Service (Department)	-0.002	0.948	-0.006	0.860	-0.068	0.033	0.041	0.200	0.063	0.048
The average number of workdays	0.069	0.046	0.065	0.055	-0.063	0.064	0.161	<0.001	0.006	0.868
on Sundays in a month
The average number of workdays	0.062	0.072	0.043	0.203	-0.064	0.056	0.132	<0.001	-0.005	0.883
on Saturdays in a month
*Ordinal variables*	*r_s*	p	*r_s*	p	*r_s*	p	*r_s*	p	*r_s*	p
Highest level of nursing education	0.034	0.298	0.021	0.503	0.118	<0.001	-0.053	0.099	-0.010	0.761
After working a weekend shift can you have time off in lieu?	0.129	<0.001	0.128	<0.001	0.084	0.013	0.099	0.003	0.065	0.056
On a scale from 1 – 5, how would you rate the presence of disturbing factors in your job?	0.367	<0.001	0.349	<0.001	0.221	<0.001	0.287	<0.001	0.238	<0.001

[i] Legend: Factor1 – Organizational Stress Factors, Factor 2 – Conflictual Communication among Peers, Factor 3 – Poor Relationships with Patients and Family, Factor 4 – Management Requirements, t -, p – p-value, r – Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r_s – Spearman’s correlation coefficient

Table 5

Results of the multiple linear regression analyses for stress levels and factors obtained.

Characteristics	(R²=0.169) Level of Stress achieved				(R²=0.181) Factor 1				(R²=0.089) Factor 2				(R²=0.100) Factor 3				(R²=0.061) Factor 4
	b	SE _b	β	p	b	SE_b	β	p	b	SE_b	β	p	b	SE_b	β	p	b	SE_b	β	p
Gender (male)																	-0.137	0.099	-0.047	0.166
Employment status (Temporary)	-3.331	1.799	-0.060	0.064	-0.147	0.082	-0.055	0.073	-0.340	0.126	-0.093	0.007
Job satisfaction? (Yes)	-7.870	1.410	-0.185	<0.001	-0.481	0.065	-0.235	<0.001	-0.243	0.095	-0.087	0.010	-0.246	0.079	-0.110	0.002	-0.187	0.083	-0.076	0.025
Job position
RN and BSc Nur									0.177	0.254	0.082	0.486
Practical Nurse									0.017	0.255	0.008	0.948
Professional Head of Nursing									0.340	0.282	0.088	0.228
Care / Head Nurse of Dpt. /
Division
Years of Service (Institution)									-0.009	0.003	-0.092	0.009					0.005	0.005	0.066	0.270
Years of Service (Department) Number of workdays on Sundays in a month.	0.646	0.754	0.028	0.392									0.128 0.022 0.133	0.059 0.046 0.090	0.099 0.022 0.052	0.030 0.626 0.138	0.000	0.005	-0.002	0.976
Number of workdays on													0.412	0.065	0.226	<0.001
Saturdays in a month.
Time off in lieu after work at weekend (never).	4.499	1.502	0.098	0.003	0.200	0.068	0.092	0.003	0.320	0.100	0.105	0.001
Job without disturbing factors (1-5 Scale).	9.204	1.120	0.273	<0.001	0.403	0.050	0.253	<0.001	0.400	0.074	0.182	<0.001					0.329	0.066	0.170	<0.001

[i] R²=Adjusted R-Squared, b=Regression coefficient, SE_b=Standard regression coefficient error, β=Standard regression coefficient, p=p value, Factor1 – Organizational Stress Factors, Factor 2 – Conflictual Communication among Peers, Factor 3 – Poor Relationships with patients and their Families, Factor 4 – Management Requirements

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2018-0024 | Journal eISSN: 1854-2476 | Journal ISSN: 0351-0026

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Language: English, Slovenian

Page range: 192 - 200

Submitted on: Apr 25, 2018

Accepted on: Jul 30, 2018

Published on: Oct 1, 2018

Published by: National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

stressors,

validity,

workload,

cross-sectional study

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Clinical medicine,

Hygiene and environmental medicine

© 2018 Mojca Dobnik, Matjaž Maletič, Brigita Skela-Savič, published by National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 57 (2018): Issue 4 (December 2018)