Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Forensic anthropology and human identification Cover
By: Niels Lynnerup  
Open Access
|May 2013

References

  1. [1] Lynnerup N, 2009. Retsantropologi. Ugeskrift for L.ger; 171: 2643-5.
  2. [2] Reppien K, Sejrsen B, Lynnerup N, 2006. Evaluation of post-mortem estimated dental age versus real age: A retrospective 21-year survey. Forensic Science International, 159 Suppl 1: S84-8.10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.021
  3. [3] Andersen L, Lynnerup N. 2008. Unidentified bodies brought to the Section of Forensic Pathology, University of Copenhagen. Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science, 14(1):10-13.
  4. [4] Lynnerup N, Jakobsen J, 1998. Personidentifikation ud fra kranierontgen. Nordisk Rettsmedisin, 4: 76-77.
  5. [5] Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH, 1984. Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, 44. Arkansas, U.S.A.
  6. [6] Krogman WM, Iscan MY, 1986. The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. Charles C Thomas, Illinois, U.S.A.Lovejoy CO, Meindl RS, Pryzbeck TR, Mensforth RP, 1985. Chronolo¬gical metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 68: 15-28.10.1002/ajpa.1330680103
  7. [7] Knussman R, 1988. Anthropologie. Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen I. Begrundet von R. Martin. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
  8. [8] Cunha E, Baccino E, Martrille L, Ramsthaler F, Prieto F, Schuliar Y, Lynnerup Y, Cattaneo C. 2009. The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: A review. Forensic Science International, 193(1-3):1-13. doi:10.1016/j. forsciint.2009.09.008.
  9. [9] Lynnerup N, Sejrsen B, Hougen HP, 2006b. Age Evaluation of the living. How? How many? How good? Abstract. 16th Nordic Conference on Forensic Medicine, Turku, Finland.
  10. [10] Ubelaker DH, 1989. Human skeletal remains. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
  11. [11] Stewart TD, 1979. Essentials of Forensic Anthropology, Especially as developed in the United States. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, U.S.A.
  12. [12] Ferembach D, Schwidetzky I, Stloukal M, 1980. Recommendations for Age and Sex Diagnoses of Skeletons, "Workshop of European anthropologists". Journal of Human Evolution; 9: 517-549.10.1016/0047-2484(80)90061-5
  13. [13] Scheuer L, Black S, 2000. Developmental Juvenile Osteology. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.10.1016/B978-012624000-9/50004-6
  14. [14] Mays S, 1998. The Archaeology of Human Bones. Routledge, London, U.K.
  15. [15] Lovejoy CO, Meindl RS, Mensforth RP, Barton TJm 1985. Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: a method and blind tests of its accuracy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68(1): 1-14.10.1002/ajpa.13306801024061595
  16. [16] Buckberry JL, Chamberlain AT, 2002. Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method. Am J Phys Anthropol.; 119(3): 231-9.10.1002/ajpa.1013012365035
  17. [17] Todd TW, 1920. Age Changes in the Pubic Bone. I. The Mael White Pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 3: 285-339.10.1002/ajpa.1330030301
  18. [18] Katz D, Suchey JM, 1986. Age determination of the male os pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol.; 69(4): 427-35.10.1002/ajpa.13306904023717320
  19. [19] Suchey JM, Brooks ST, Katz D. 1988. Instructions for the use of the Suchey-Brooks system for age determination of the female os pubis. France Casting.
  20. [20] Iscan MY, Loth SR, Wright RK, 1984. Metamorphosis at the sternal rib: A new method to estimate age at death in males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 65: 147-156.10.1002/ajpa.13306502066507605
  21. [21] Waldron T, Rogers, J. 1991. Inter-observer variation in coding osteoarthritis in human skeletal remains. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2:235-241.10.1002/oa.1390020307
  22. [22] Felson DT, 1988. Epidemiology of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Epidemiologic Reviews, 10:1-28.10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036019
  23. [23] Todd TW, Lyon DW, 1924. Cranial suture closure its progress and age relationship. Part 1 - adult males of white stock. Am J Phys Anthropol; 7(3): 325-384.10.1002/ajpa.1330070320
  24. [24] Perizonius WRK, 1984. Closing and Non-closing Sutures in 256 Crania of Known Age and Sex from Amsterdam (A.D. 1883-1909). J Hum Evol; 13: 201-216.10.1016/S0047-2484(84)80065-2
  25. [25] Meindl RS, Lovejoy CO, 1985. Ectocranial suture closure: a revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral-anterior sutures. Am J Phys Anthropol; 68(1): 47-56.10.1002/ajpa.1330680106
  26. [26] Key CA, Aiello LC, Molleson T, 1994. Cranial Suture Closure and its Implications for Age Estimation. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology; 4(3): 193-208.10.1002/oa.1390040304
  27. [27] Hauser G, Manzi G, Vienna A, DeStefano G, 1991. Size and Shape of Human Cranial Sutures A new Scoring Method. Am J Anat; 190: 231-244.10.1002/aja.1001900304
  28. [28] Liebovitch LS. 1998. Fractals and Chaos. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  29. [29] Hartwig WC. 1991. Fractal Analysis of Sagittal Suture Morphology. J Morphol 210: 289-298.10.1002/jmor.1052100307
  30. [30] King RB, Weissman LJ, and Bassingthwaighte JB. 1990. Fractal Descriptions for Spatial Statistics. Ann Biomed Eng 18: 111-121.10.1007/BF02368424
  31. [31] Liebovitch LS, and Toth T. 1989. A fast algorithm to determine fractal dimensions by box counting. Phys Lett A 141: 386-39010.1016/0375-9601(89)90854-2
  32. [32] Yu JC, Wright RL, Williamson MA, Braselton JP 3rd, Abell ML. 2003. A fractal analysis of human cranial sutures. Cleft Palate Craniofac J.; 40(4): 409-15.
  33. [33] Skrzat J, Walocha J. Fractal dimensions of the sagittal (interparietal) sutures in humans. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2003 May;62(2):119-22.
  34. [34] Kerley ER, 1965. The microscopic determination of age in human bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 23: 149-163.10.1002/ajpa.13302302155826273
  35. [35] Ahlquist J, Damsted O, 1969. A modification of Kerley's method for the microscopic determination of age in human bone. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 14 (1969) 205-212.
  36. [36] Singh I, Gunberg GL, 1970. Estimation of age at death in human males from quantitative histology of bone fragments. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 33: 373-382.10.1002/ajpa.1330330311
  37. [37] Bouvier M, Ubelaker DH, 1977. A Comparison of two Methods for the Microscopic Determiantion of Age at Death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 46: 391-394.10.1002/ajpa.1330460303
  38. [38] Kerley ER, Ubelaker D, 1978. Revisions in the microscopic method of estimating age at death in human cortical bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 49: 545-546.10.1002/ajpa.1330490414
  39. [39] Thompson DD, 1979. The core technique in the determination of age at death in skeletons. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 24: 902-915.10.1520/JFS10922J
  40. [40] Uytterschaut HT, 1985: Determination of Skeletal Age by Histological Methods. Zeitung Morphol. Anthropol.; 75(3): 331-340.10.1127/zma/75/1985/331
  41. [41] Drusini A, 1987. Refinements of two methods for the histomorphometric determination of age in human bone. Zeitung Morph. Anthrop.; 77(2): 167-176.10.1127/zma/77/1988/167
  42. [42] Samson S, Branigan K, 1987. A new method of estimating age at death from fragmentary and weathered bone. In A. Boddington, A.N. Garland and R.C. Janaway (eds): Death, Decay and Reconstruction. Approaches to Archaeology and Forensic Science. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 101-108.
  43. [43] Ericksen MF, 1991. Histologic Estimation of Age at Death Using the Anterior Cortex of the Femur. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 84: 171-79.10.1002/ajpa.1330840207
  44. [44] Yoshino M, Imaizumi K, Miyasaka S, Seta S, 1994. Histological estimation of age at death using microradiographs of humeral compact bone. Forensic Science International; 64: 191-198.10.1016/0379-0738(94)90231-3
  45. [45] Pfeiffer S, 1980. Bone remodelling age estimates compared with estimates by other techniques. Current Anthropology; 21: 793-4.10.1086/202571
  46. [46] Lazenby RA, 1982-84. Inherrent deficiencies in cortical bone microstructural age estimation techniques; Ossa 9-11: 95-103.
  47. [47] Stout SD, 1978. The use of histomorphology to estimate age. Journal of Forensic Science; 33(1): 121-5.10.1520/JFS12442J
  48. [48] Martin DL, Goodman AH, Armelagos GJ, 1981. On the use of microstructural bone for age identification. Current Anthropology; 22: 437-8.10.1086/202704
  49. [49] White T, 1991. Human Osteology. Academic Press, San Diego, California, U.S.A.
  50. [50] Pfeiffer S, Lazenby R, Chiang J, 1995. Brief Communication: Cortical Remodelling Data Are Affected by Sampling Location. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 96: 89-92.10.1002/ajpa.1330960110
  51. [51] Stout SD, Gehlert SJ, 1980. The relative accuracy and reliability of histological aging methods. Forensic Science International; 15: 181-190.10.1016/0379-0738(80)90132-2
  52. [52] Bland JM, Altman DG, 1986. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet; 8476: 307-310.10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8
  53. [53] Frost HM, 1987a. Secondary Osteon Populations: An Algorithm for Determing Mean Bone Tissue Age. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology; 30: 221-238.10.1002/ajpa.1330300512
  54. [54] Frost HM, 1987b. Secondary Osteon Densities: An Algorithm for Estimating the Missing Ostoens. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology; 30: 239-254.10.1002/ajpa.1330300513
  55. [55] Abou-Arab M, Thomsen JL, Frohlich B, Lynnerup N, 1995. Histological staining of secondary osteons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98: 391-4.10.1002/ajpa.13309803118572161
  56. [56] Gundersen HJG, Bendtsen TF, Korbo L, Marcussen N, Moller A, Nielsen K, Nyengaard JR, Pakkenberg B, Sorensen FB, Vesterby A, West MJ, 1988. Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica; 96: 379-94.10.1111/j.1699-0463.1988.tb05320.x3288247
  57. [57] Villa C, Lynnerup N. 2010. Technical note: A stereological analysis of the cross-sectional variability of the femoral osteon population. Am J Phys Anthropol.;142(3): 491-6.
  58. [58] Hansen G, 1954. Die alterbestimmung am proximalen humerus und femurende in rahmen der identifizierung menschlicher skeltreste. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 3, 1-73.
  59. [59] Schranz D, 1959. Age Determinstion from the Internal Structure of the Humerus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 17: 273-278.10.1002/ajpa.133017040314443536
  60. [60] Acsadi G, Nemeskeri J, 1970. History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Academia Kiado, Hungary: 346 pp.
  61. [61] Macchiarelli R, Bondioli L, Frohlich B, Weaver DS, 1987. L'indagine radiografica dello scheletro nella attribuzione dell'eta alla morte. Un analisi densitometrica sperimentale. Revista di Antropologia LXV, 309-346.
  62. [62] Greulich WW, Pyle SI, 1959. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist, Stanford University Press, California.10.1097/00000441-195909000-00030
  63. [63] Kemperdick H, 1981. Skelettaler-Bestimmung bei Kindern mit normalem und abweichendem Wachtstumverlauf, Fortschritte der Medizin; 99: 152-6.
  64. [64] Vignolo M, Milani S, Dibattista E, Naselli A, Mostert M, Aicardi G, 1990. Greulich- Pyle, Tanner-Whitehouse and Roche-Wainer-Thissen (knee) methods for skeletal age assessment in a group of Italian children and adolescents, Eur. J. Pediatr; 149: 314-17.10.1007/BF021715552311626
  65. [65] Groell R, Lindbichler F, Riepl T, Gherra L, Roposch A, Fotter R, 1999. The reliability of bone age determination in central European children using the Greulich and Pyle method. Brit J Radiol; 72: 461-4.10.1259/bjr.72.857.1050501010505010
  66. [66] Cameron N, 2004. Measuring maturity, in: R. C. Hauspie, N. Cameron, L. Molinari (Eds.) Methods in Human Growth Research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 68-107. 10.1017/CBO9780511542411.005
  67. [67] Tanner JM, 1955. Growth at adolescence, Blackwell scientific publications, Oxford, U.K.
  68. [68] Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Thissen D, 1988. Assessing the Skeletal Maturity of the Hand - Wrist: Fels Method, C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., U.S.A.
  69. [69] Thodberg HH, Lomholt JF, Kreiborg S, 2007. Automated Determination of Skeletal Maturity. In: Abstracts of Lectures and Posters, European Orthodontic Society, 83rd Congress Berlin, Germany, 20-24 July (2007) 37-38.
  70. [70] Schmeling A, Geserick G, Reisinger W, Olze A, 2007. Age estimation. For Sci Int; 165: 178-181.10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.01616782291
  71. [71] Lynnerup N, Kjeldsen H, Zweihoff R, Heegaard S, Jacobsen C, Heinemeier J. 2010. Ascertaining year of birth/age at death in forensic cases: A review of conventional methods and methods allowing for absolute chronology. Forensic Sci Int.; 201 (1-3): 74-8.10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.02620399051
  72. [72] Helfman PM, Bada JL, 1975. Aspartic acid racemization in tooth enamel from living humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.; 72: 2891-2894.10.1073/pnas.72.8.28914328841059082
  73. [73] Helfman PM, Bada JL, 1976. Aspartic acid racemisation in dentine as a measure of ageing. Nature; 262: 279-281.10.1038/262279b0958370
  74. [74] Ohtani S, Yamamoto K, 1991. Age estimation using the racemization of amino acid in human dentin. J. Forensic Sci.; 36: 792-800.10.1520/JFS13089J
  75. [75] Mornstad H, Pfeiffer H, Teivens A, 1994.Estimation of dental age using HPLCtechnique to determine the degree of aspartic acid racemization. J. Forensic Sci.; 39: 1425-1431.10.1520/JFS13729J
  76. [76] Ritz S, Schutz HW, 1993. Aspartic acid racemization in intervertebral discs as an aid to postmortem estimation of age at death. J. Forensic Sci.; 38: 633-640.10.1520/JFS13449J
  77. [77] Ritz S, Turzynski A, Schutz HW, 1994. Estimation of age at death based on aspartic acid racemization in noncollagenous bone protein. Forensic Sci. Int.; 69: 149-159.10.1016/0379-0738(94)90251-8
  78. [78] Schmeling A, Olze A, Reisinger W, Geserick G, 2005. Forensic age estimation and ethnicity (Letter). Leg Med; 7: 134-137.10.1016/j.legalmed.2004.07.004
  79. [79] Masters PM, Bada JL, 1977. Aspartic acid racemisation in the human lens during ageing and in cataract formation. Nature; 268: 71-73.10.1038/268071a0
  80. [80] Masters PM, 1986. Age at death determinations for autopsied remains based on aspartic acid racemization in tooth dentin: importance of postmortem conditions. Forensic Sci Int.; 32: 179-184.10.1016/0379-0738(86)90080-0
  81. [81] Carolan VA, Gardner ML, Lucy D, Pollard AM, 1997. Some considerations regarding the use of amino acid racemization in human dentine as an indicator of age at death. J. Forensic Sci.; 42: 10-16.10.1520/JFS14062J
  82. [82] Spalding KL, Buchholz BA, Bergman L-E, Druid H, Frisen J, 2005. Age written in teeth by nuclear tests. Nature; 437: 333-4.10.1038/437333a16163340
  83. [83] Hedges RE, Clement JG, Thomas CD, O'Connell TC, 2007. Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft: modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. Am J Phys Anthropol.; 133: 808-16.10.1002/ajpa.2059817405135
  84. [84] Bhardwaj RD, Curtis MA, Spalding KL, Buchholz BA, Fink D, Bjork-Eriksson T, et al. 2006. Neocortical neurogenesis in humans is restricted to development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 103(33): 12564-8.10.1073/pnas.0605177103156791816901981
  85. [85] Bebe DC, 2003. The Lens. In: Adler’s Physiology of the Eye (Kaufman PL & Alm A, eds.). Mosby Inc.: St. Louis. 117-158.
  86. [86] De Vries H, 1985. Atomic Bomb Effect: Variation of Radiocarbon in Plants, Shells, and Snails in the Past 4 Years. Science ; 128 : 250-251.10.1126/science.128.3318.25013568770
  87. [87] Levin I, Kromer B, 2004. The tropospheric 14CO2 level in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003). Radiocarbon ; 206 : 1261-1272.10.1017/S0033822200033130
  88. [88] Goodsite ME, Rom W, Heinemeier J, Lange T, Ooi S, Appleby PG, et al., 2001. High-resolution AMS 14C dating of post-bomb peat archives of atmospheric pollutants. Radiocarbon; 43: 495-515.10.1017/S0033822200041163
  89. [89] Kueppers L, Southon J, Baer P, Harte J, 2004. Dead wood biomass and turnover time, measured by radiocarbon, along a subalpine elevation gradient. Oecologia; 141(4): 641-51.10.1007/s00442-004-1689-x
  90. [90] Jim S, Ambrose SH, Evershed RP, 2004. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for differences in the dietary origin of bone cholesterol, collagen and apatite: Implications for their use in palaeodietary reconstruction. Geochim Cosmochim Ac.; 68(1): 61-72.10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00216-3
  91. [91] Tripp JA, McCullagh JSO, Hedges REM, 2006. Preparative separation of underivatized amino acids for compound-specific stable isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating of hydrolyzed bone collagen. Journal of Separation Science; 29(1): 41-8.10.1002/jssc.20050024716485708
  92. [92] Lynnerup N, Holck P. 2008. Retsantropologi. In: Biologisk antropologi med human osteologi (Lynnerup N, Bennike P, Iregren E, eds.). Gyldendal, Copenhagen, Denmark: p: 425-433.
  93. [93] Bass WM, 1987. Human Osteology. A Laboratory and Field Manual. Missouri Archaeological Society, U.S.A.
  94. [94] Anderson RJ, 1882. Observations on the thickness of the human skull. Dublin J. Med. Sci.; 74: 270-280.10.1007/BF02967147
  95. [95] Todd TW, 1924. Thickness of the male white cranium, Anat. Record; 27: 245-256.10.1002/ar.1090270504
  96. [96] Angel L, 1971. Skull vault thickness variation. Am. J. Physical Anthrop.; 35: 272.
  97. [97] Schmitt HP, Saternus KS, 1973. BeitraEge zur forensischen Osteologie. III. Zur Frage der Bestimmung des Individualalters an Hand der Dicke der SchaEdelkalotte, Zeitschrift fuEr [Rechtsmedizin; 72: 40-49.10.1007/BF020768474349583
  98. [98] Ross MD, Lee KA, Castle WM, 1976. Skull thickness of black and white races. South African Med. J.; 50(16): 635-638.
  99. [99] Einy S, Smith P, Becker A, 1984. On the measurement of cranial thickness at nasion on cephalographs. Am. J. Physical Anthrop.; 65(3): 313-314.10.1002/ajpa.13306503116517158
  100. [100] Pensler J, McCarthy JG, 1985. The calvarial donor site: an anatomic study in cadavers. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery; 75(5): 648-651.10.1097/00006534-198505000-000053983272
  101. [101] Ishida H, Dodo Y, 1990. Cranial thickness of modern and Neolithic populations in Japan. Human Biol.; 62(3): 389-401.
  102. [102] Ross AH, Jantz RL, McCormick WF, 1998. Cranial thickness in American females and males. J. Forensic Sci.; 43(2): 267-272.10.1520/JFS16218J
  103. [103] Hansman CF, 1966. Growth of interorbital distance and skull thickness as observed in roentgenographic measurements. Radiology; 86(1): 87-96.10.1148/86.1.87
  104. [104] Smith P, Wax Y, Becker A, Einy S, 1985. Diachronic variation in cranial thickness of near eastern populations. Am. J. Physical Anthrop.; 67: 127-133.10.1002/ajpa.1330670208
  105. [105] Israel H, 1973. Age factor and the pattern of change in craniofacial structures, Am. J. Physical Anthrop.; 39: 111-128.10.1002/ajpa.1330390112
  106. [106] Tallgren N, 1974. Neurocranial morphology and aging. A longitudinal roentgen cephalometric study of adult Finnish women; Am. J. Physical Anthrop.; 41: 285-294.10.1002/ajpa.1330410211
  107. [107] Adeloye A, Kattan K, Silverman F, 1975. Thickness of the normal skull in the American blacks and whites. Am. J. Physical Anthrop.; 43: 23-30.10.1002/ajpa.1330430105
  108. [108] Hwang K, Hollinger JO, Chung RS, Lee SI, 2000. Histomorphometry of parietal bones versus age and race. J Craniofac Surg; 11:17-23.10.1097/00001665-200011010-00004
  109. [109] Jung YS, Kim HJ, Choi SW, Kang JW, Cha IH, 2003. Regional thickness of parietal bone in Korean adults. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg; 32:638-641.10.1054/ijom.2002.0415
  110. [110] Lynnerup N, Lynnerup O, 1993. Automatic data acquisition of anthropological measurements. Comp. Biol. Med.; 23: 143-147.10.1016/0010-4825(93)90145-Q
  111. [111] Roche AF, 1953. Increase in cranial thickness during growth. Human Biol.; 25: 81-92.
  112. [112] Hershkovitz I, Greenwald C, Rothschild BM, Latimer B, Dutour O, Jellema LM, Wish- Baratz S, 1991. Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna: An Anthropological Perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 109: 303-325. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199907)109:3<;303::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-I
  113. [113] Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Lissner HR, 1950. The mechanism of skull fracture. Radiology; 54: 313-339.10.1148/54.3.313
  114. [114] Jacobsen C, Bech BH, Lynnerup N. 2009. A comparative study of cranial, blunt trauma fractures as seen at medicolegal autopsy and by Computed Tomography. BMC Medical Imaging 2009, 9:1810.1186/1471-2342-9-18277045319835570
  115. [115] Jacobsen C, Lynnerup N. 2009. Craniocerebral trauma - Congruence between post-mortem computed tomography diagnoses and autopsy results. A 2-year retrospective study. Forensic Science International; 194(1-3): 9-14.10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.00119900771
  116. [116] Galloway A, Willey, Synder L. 1997. human bone mineral densities and survival of bone elements: A contemporary study. In: Haglund WD, Sorg MH (eds.): Forensic taphonomy: The post-mortem fate of human remains. New York, CRC Press: 295-317.
  117. [117] Waldron T, 1987. The realtive survival of the human skeleton: Implications for paleopathology. In: Boddignton A, Garland AN, Janaway RC (eds.). Death, decay and reconstrcution. Approaches to archaeology and forensic science. Manchester University Press, Manchester, U.K., 55-64.
  118. [118] Wahl J.1982. Ein Beitrag zur Geschlechtdiagnose von Leichenbrandmaterial anhand der Pars petrosa. Praehist Zschrft 57, 97-119.
  119. [119] Graw M, Schulz M, Wahl J. 2003. A simple morphological method for gender determination at the petrous portion of the os temporalis. Forensic Sci Int 136 Suppl.1: 165-166.
  120. [120] Wahl J. 1981. Ein Beitrag zur metrischen Geschlechtsdiagnose verbrannter und unverbrannter menschlicher Knochenreste-ausgearbeitet an der Pars petrosa ossis temporalis. Z Rechtmed 86: 79-101.10.1007/BF002012757223075
  121. [121] Ahlbrecht M. 1997. Geschlechtsdifferenzierung an der Pars petrosa ossis temporalis. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Zahnheilkunde der Medizinischen Fakultat der Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tubingen (in German).
  122. [122] Schmid HM, Dahm P. 1977. Die postnatale Entwicklung des menschlichen Os temporale. Gegenbaurs morphologisches Jahrbuch 123/3: 485-513.
  123. [123] Jørkov ML, Heinemeier J, Lynnerup N, 2009. The Petrous Bone - A new sampling site for identifying early dietary patterns in stable isotopic studies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 138(2): 199-209.10.1002/ajpa.2091918773469
  124. [124] Jantz RL, Ousley SD, 1993. FORDISC 1.0. Computerized forensic discriminant functions. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, U.S.A.
  125. [125] Quigley C, 2001. Skulls and Skeletons. Human Bone collections and Accumulations. McFarland and Co. Publishers, North Carolina, U.S.A. Pp. 263.
  126. [126] Goodman A, 1995. The problematic of “Race” in contemporary biological anthropology. In: Biological Anthropology. The state of the science, Eds. Boaz NT & Wolfe LD. International Institute of Human Evolutionary Research, Oregon State University Press. p. 241-50.
  127. [127] Saillard J, Forster P, Lynnerup N, Bandelt HJ, Norby S, 2000. mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos: The Edge of the Beringian Expansion. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67: 718-726.10.1086/303038128753010924403
  128. [128] Bosch E, Calafell F, Rosser ZH, Norby S, Lynnerup N, Hurles ME, Jobling MA, 2003. High level of male-based Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-chromosomal analysis. Human Genetics, 112: 353-363.10.1007/s00439-003-0913-912594533
  129. [129] Byers SN, Churchill SE, Curran B. 1997. Identification of Euro-Americans, Afro- Americans, and Amerindians from palatal dimensions. J Forensic Sci, 42(1): 3-9.10.1520/JFS14061J
  130. [130] Kelly MA, Spencer Larsen C. 1991. Advances in Dental Anthropology, Wiley-Liss, New York.
  131. [131] Evans KT, Knight B, 1981. Forensic Radiology. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  132. [132] Maresh MM, 1940. Paranasal sinuses from birth to late adolescence. americal journal of Disease of Children, 60: 55-78.10.1001/archpedi.1940.02000010064005
  133. [133] Francis P, Raman R, Korula P, Korah I, 1990. Pneumatization of the Paranasal Sinuses (Maxillary and Frontal) in Cleft Lip and Palate. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.; 116:920-922.10.1001/archotol.1990.018700800420122378718
  134. [134] Brown WA, Molleson TI, Chinn S, 1984. Enlargement of the frontal sinus. Ann. Hum. Biol.; 11:221-226.10.1080/030144684000070916742771
  135. [135] Schuller A, 1921. Das Rontgenogramm der Stirnhohle - ein Hilfsmittel fur die Identitatsbestimmung von Schadeln. Monatenschrift Ohrenheilkunde; 55 (suppl.): 1617-1620 [in German].
  136. [136] Koertvelyessy T, 1972. Relationships between the Frontal sinus and Climatic Conditions: A skeletal approach to Cold Adaptation. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.; 37: 161-172.10.1002/ajpa.1330370202
  137. [137] Hanson CL, Owsley DW, 1980. Frontal sinus size in Eskimo Populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.; 53:251-255.10.1002/ajpa.1330530209
  138. [138] Yoshino M, Miyasaka S, Sato H, Seta S, 1987. Classification system of frontal sinus patterns by radiography. Its application to identification of unknown skeletal remains. For. Sci. Int.; 34: 289-299.10.1016/0379-0738(87)90041-7
  139. [139] Kritscher H, 1983. Grossen- und Formvarianten der Stirnhohlen bei einzelnen Rassen des Menschen. Mitt. Anthrop. Ges. Wien; 113:45-49 [in German].
  140. [140] Jorgensen, JB, 1953. The Eskimo Skeleton.Meddelelser om Gronland; 146(2):1-54 [Dissertation].
  141. [141] Lynnerup N, Lynnerup O, Homoe P, 1992. A computer program for planimetric analysis of digitized images. Comput Biol Med.; 3:207-17.10.1016/0010-4825(92)90017-H
  142. [142] Milner GR, Wood JW, Boldsen J, 2000. Paleodemography. In: Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton (Katzenberg MA & Saunders SR, eds.). Wiley-Liss, New York. Pp 467-498.
  143. [143] Boldsen JL, Milner GR, Konigsberg LW, Wood JW. 2002. Transition analysis: a new method for estimating age from skeletons. In: Hoppa R, Vaupel J, editor. Paleodemography: age distributions from skeletal samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 73-106.10.1017/CBO9780511542428.005
  144. [144] Konigsberg LW, Herrmann NP, wescott DJ, Kimmerle EH, 2008. Estimation and Evidence in Forensic Anthropology: Age-At-Death. Journal of Forensic Science, 53(3): 541-557.10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00710.x18471197
  145. [145] Lynnerup N, Clausen M-L, Kristoffersen AM; Steglich-Arnholm, 2009. Facial recognition and laser surface scan: a pilot study. Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology, 5(3): 167-173.10.1007/s12024-009-9094-819507073
Language: English
Page range: 16 - 38
Published on: May 28, 2013
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2013 Niels Lynnerup, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.