References
- 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance c 2008 [updated 2009 Nov 16; cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http:/www.cdc.gov/std/stats08/tables/2.htm
- 2. Miller WC, Ford CA, Morris M, Handcock MS, Schmitz JL, Hobbs MM, et al. Prevalance of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States. JAMA 2004;291(18):2229-36.
- 3. Shahmanesh M, Moi H, Lassau F, Janier M. European guideline on the management of male non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 2009;20:458-64.
- 4. Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, Morton AN, Rudland E, Garland SM. The association of Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis with bacterial vaginosis and recurrence after oral metronidazole therapy. J Infect Dis 2006;194(6):828-36.
- 5. Morton RS. Gonorrhea: biological features of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. London: W.B. Saunders; 1977. p. 12-60.
- 6. Mahoney JF, Ferguson C, Buchholtz M, von Slyke CJ. The use of penicillin sodium in the treatment of sulfonamide-resistant gonorrhea in men: a preliminary report. Am J Syph Gonor Vener Dis 1943;27:525-8.
- 7. Willcox RR. A survey of problems in the antibiotic treatment of gonorrhoea: with special reference to South-East Asia. Br J Vener Dis 1970;46:217-42.
- 8. Philips I. Beta-lactamase producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus. Lancet 1976;2:656-7.
- 9. Schwarcz SK, Zenilman JM, Schnell D, Knapp JS, Hook EW 3rd, Thompson S, et al. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the gonococcal isolate surveillance project. JAMA 1990;264:1413-7.
- 10. Tapsall JW, Ndowa F, Lewis DA, Unemo M. Meeting the public health challenge of multidrug and extensively drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009;7:821-34.
- 11. Tapsall JW. Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41 (Suppl 4):S263-8.
- 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:332-6.
- 13. Bignell C, Garley J. Azithromycin in the treatment of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Infect 2010;86:422-6.
- 14. Chisholm SA, Neal TJ, Alawattegama AB. Emergence of high-level azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoea in England and Wales. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64:353-8.
- 15. Moran JS, Levine WC. Drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(Suppl 1):S47-65.
- 16. Newman LM, Moran JS, Workowski KA. Update on the management of gonorrhea in adults in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(Suppl 3):S84-101.
- 17. Akasaka S, Muratani T, Yamada Y, Inatomi H, Takahachi K, Matsumoto T. Emergence of cephem- and aztreonam-highresistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae that does not produce betalactamase. J Infect Chemother 2001;7(1):49-50.
- 18. Unemo M, Golparian D, Syversen G, Vestrheim DF, Moi H. Two cases of verified clinical failures using internationally recommended first-line cefixime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010. Euro Surveill 2010;15(47).
- 19. Ohnishi M, Golparian D, Shimuta K, Saika T, Hoshina S, Iwasaku K, et al. Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of untreatable gonorrhea?: detailed characterization of the first strain with high-level resistance to ceftriaxone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(7):3538-45.
- 20. Unemo M, Golparian D, Nicholas R, Ohnishi M, Gallay A, Sednaoui P. High-level cefixime- and ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in France: novel penA mosaic allele in a successful international clone causes treatment failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(3):1273-80.
- 21. Lewis DA. The Gonococcus fights back: is this time a knock out? Sex Transm Infect 2010;86:415-21.
- 22. Bignell C, Fitzgerald M. UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:541-7.
- 23. Ison CA. Antimicrobial resistance in sexually transmitted infections in the developed world: implications for rational treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012;25:73-8.
- 24. Bignell C, Unemo M. 2012 European guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults, IUSTI 2012. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.iusti.org/regions/Europe/pdf/2012/Gonorrhoea_2012.pdf.
- 25. PHAC. Important notice. Public health information update on the treatment for gonococcal infection. 21 December 2011. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/std-mts/sti-its/alert/2011/alert-gono-eng.php
- 26. Ross JD, Lewis DA. Cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: time to consider gentamicin? Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88(1):6-8.
- 27. Golparian D, Fernandes P, Ohnishi M, Jensen JS, Unemo M. In vitro activity of the new fluoroketolide solithromycin (CEM-101) against a large collection of clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and international reference strains, including those with various high-level antimicrobial resistance: potential treatment option for gonorrhea? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(5):2739-42.
- 28. Still JG, Schranz J, Degenhardt TP, Scott D, Fernandes P, Gutierrez MJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of solithromycin (CEM-101) after single or multiple oral doses and effects of food on single-dose bioavailability in healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(5):1997-2003.
- 29. Unemo M, Golparian D, Limnios A, Whiley D, Ohnishi M, Lahra MM, et al. In vitro activity of ertapenem versus ceftriaxone against Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with highly diverse ceftriaxone MIC values and effects of ceftriaxone resistance determinants: ertapenem for treatment of gonorrhea? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(7):3603-9.
- 30. Andersen B, Sokolowski I, Ostergaard L, Moller JK, Olesen F, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence and behavioural risk factors in the general population. Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:237-41.
- 31. Totten PA, Schwartz MA, Sjostrom KE, Kenny GE, Handsfield HH, Weiss JB, et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men. J Infect Dis 2001;183:269-76.
- 32. Cazanave C, Manhart LE, Bebear C. Mycoplasma genitalium, an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen. Med Mal Infect 2012;42:381-92.
- 33. Humasuna R, Osada Y, Jensen JS. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma genitalium by TaqMan 5’nuclease realtime PCR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:4993-8.
- 34. Shimada Y, Deguchi T, Nakane K, Yasuda M, Yokai S, Ito S, et al. Macrolide resistance-associated 23S rRNA mutation in Mycoplasma genitalium, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(6):1148-50.
- 35. Bjornelius E, Anagrius C, Bojs G, Carlberg H, Johannisson G, Johansson E, et al. Antibiotic treatment of symptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium infection in Scandinavia: a controlled clinical trial. Sex Transm Infect 2008;84(1):72-6.
- 36. Schwebke JR, Rompalo A, Taylor S, Sena AC, Martin DH, Lopez LM, et al. Re-evaluating the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(2):163-70.
- 37. Wikstrom A, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium: a common cause of persistent urethritis among men treated with doxycycline. Sex Trasm Infect 2006;82(4):276-9.
- 38. Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, Arbogast PG, Stein CM. Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1881-90.
- 39. Jernberg E, Moghaddam A, Moi H. Azithromycin and moxifloxacin for microbiological cure of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: an open study. Int J STD AIDS 2008;19(10):676-9.
- 40. Manhart LE, Broad JM, Golden MR. Mycoplasma genitalium: should we treat and how? Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(Suppl 3):S129-42.
- 41. Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy CB, Egger M, Taylor-Robinson D. Role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in acute and chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:995-1003.
- 42. Kenny GE. Genital mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis et Ureaplasma species. In: Mandel GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Vol 2. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p. 2280-3.
- 43. Uuskula A. Kohl PK. Genital micoplasmas, including Mycoplasma genitalium, as sexually transmitted agents. Int J STD AIDS 2002;13:79-85.
- 44. Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM, Webster AD. Ureaplasma urealyticum causing persistent urethritis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Genitourin Med 1985;61:404-8.
- 45. Palu G, Valisena S, Barile MF, Meloni GA. Mechanisms of macrolide resistance in Ureaplasma urealyticum: a study on collection and clinical strains. Eur J Epidemiol 1989;5:146-53.
- 46. Pereyre S, Metifiot M, Cazanave C, Renaudin H, Charron A, Bebear C, et al. Characterisation of in vitro-selected mutants of Ureaplasma parvum resistant to macrolides and related antibiotics. Int J Antimicorb Agents 2007;29:207-11.
- 47. Waites KB, Bebear CM, Roberston JA, Talkington DF, Kenny GE. Cumitech 34: laboratory diagnosis of mycoplasmal infections. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2001.
- 48. Lu C, Ye TL, Zhu GX, Feng PY, Ma H, Lu RB, et al. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of macrolide and lincosamide-resistant Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated in Guangzhou, China. Curr Microbiol 2010;61:44-9.
- 49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR 2010:42 [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5912.pdf.
- 50. Horner P, Boag F. UK national guideline for the management of genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. London: BASHH, 2006. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: hpp://www.bashh.org/documents/61/61.pdf.
- 51. Lanjouw, Ossewaarde JM, Stary A, Boag F. European guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, IUSTI 2010. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.iusti.org/regions/Europe/pdf/2010/Euro_Guideline_ Chlamydia_2010.pdf.
- 52. Horner PJ. Azithromycin antimicrobial resistance and genital Chlamidya trachomatis infection: duration of therapy may the key to improving efficacy. Sex Transm Infect 2012;88:154-6.
- 53. Wang SA, Papp JR, Stamm WE, Peeling RW, Martin DH, Holmes KK. Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance and treatment failures for Chlamydia trachomatis: a meeting report. J Infect Dis 2005;191:917-23.
- 54. Smelov V, Perekalina T, Gorelov A, Smelova N, Artemenko N, Norman L. In vitro activity of fluoroquinolones, azithromycin and doxocycline against Chlamydia trachomatis cultured from men with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms. Eur Urol 2004;46(5):647-50.