References
- Adamu, M., Ibrahim, Y. E., Al-Atroush, M. E., & Alanazi, H. (2021). Mechanical properties and durability performance of concrete containing calcium carbide residue and nano silica. Materials, 14(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226960
- Ahmed, H. U., Mohammed, A. A., Rafiq, S., Mohammed, A. S., Mosavi, A., Sor, N. H., & Qaidi, S. M. A. (2021). Compressive strength of sustainable geopolymer concrete composites: A state-of-the-art review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413502
- Amnadnua, K., Tangchirapat, W., & Jaturapitakkul, C. (2013). Strength, water permeability, and heat evolution of high strength concrete made from the mixture of calcium carbide residue and fly ash. Materials and Design, 51, 894–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.099
- Buchwald, A., Tatarin, R., & Stephan, D. (2009). Reaction progress of alkaline-activated metakaolin-ground granulated blast furnace slag blends. Journal of Materials Science, 44(20), 5609–5617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3790-3
- Chanda, A., & Thakkar, S. (2022). A review on the use of calcium carbide residue with various cementatious material in geopolymer concrete. Wesleyan Journal of Research, 14(No2(II)), 89–97.
- Davidovits, P. J. (2002). 30 Years of Successes and Failures in Geopolymer Applications: Market Trends and Potential Breakthroughs. Geopolymer 2002 Conference, 1–16.
- Du, C., & Yang, Q. (2021). Experimental study of the feasibility of using calcium carbide residue as an alkaline activator for clay-plant ash geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 301, 124351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124351
- Endait, M., & Sambre, T. (2024). Sustainable Usage of Calcium Carbide Residue for Soil Stabilization: A Review. Best Practices in Geotechnical and Pavement Engineering, 215–225.
- Flower, D. J. M., & Sanjayan, J. G. (2007). Green house gas emissions due to concrete manufacture. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 12(5), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2007.05.327
- Gao, X., Yao, X., Yang, T., Zhou, S., Wei, H., & Zhang, Z. (2021). Calcium carbide residue as auxiliary activator for one-part sodium carbonate-activated slag cements: compressive strength, phase assemblage and environmental benefits. Construction and Building Materials, 308, 125015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125015
- Gupta, S. (2025). Industrial Calcium Byproduct Waste: Sustainable Construction Materials for Building Applications. ACS Sustainable Resource Management, 2(1), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00435
- Hanjitsuwan, S., Ngernkham, P., Yuan, L., Damrongwiriyanupap, N., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2018). Strength development and durability of alkali-activated fly ash mortar with calcium carbide residue as additive. Construction and Building Materials, 162, 714–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.034
- Horpibulsuk, S., Phetchuay, C., Chinkulkijniwat, A., & Cholaphatsorn, A. (2013). Strength development in silty clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue and fly ash. Soils and Foundations, 53(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.06.001
- Intarabut, D., Sukontasukkul, P., Ngernkham, P., Hanjitsuwan, S., Sata, V., Chumpol, P., Sae-Long, W., Zhang, H., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2024). Role of Slag Replacement on Strength Enhancement of One-Part High-Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer. Civil Engineering Journal, 10, 252–270. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-SP2024-010-013
- Jaturapitakkul, C., & Roongreung, B. (2003). Cementing Material from Calcium Carbide Residue-Rice Husk Ash. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 15(5), 470–475. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2003)15:5(470)
- Julphunthong, P., Joyklad, P., Manprom, P., Chompoorat, T., Palou, M. T., & Suriwong, T. (2024). Evaluation of calcium carbide residue and fly ash as sustainable binders for environmentally friendly loess soil stabilization. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51326-x
- Kanagaraj, B., Anand, N., Samuvel Raj, R., & Lubloy, E. (2023). Techno-socio-economic aspects of Portland cement, Geopolymer, and Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) composite systems: A-State-of-the-Art Review. Construction and Building Materials, 398, 132484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132484
- Li, B., Wu, F., Xia, D., Li, Y., Cui, K., Wu, F., & Yu, J. (2023). Compressive and flexural behavior of alkali-activated slag-based concrete: Effect of recycled aggregate content. Journal of Building Engineering, 67(105993), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105993
- Li, W., & Yi, Y. (2020). Use of carbide slag from acetylene industry for activation of ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 238(117713), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117713
- Li, Y., Li, J., Cui, J., Shan, Y., & Niu, Y. (2021). Experimental study on calcium carbide residue as a combined activator for coal gangue geopolymer and feasibility for soil stabilization. Construction and Building Materials, 312, 125465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125465
- Liu, M., Liu, H., Zhu, P., Chen, C., Wang, X., & Xu, L. (2024). Recycling potential evaluation of geopolymer concrete with different cementitious system used in freeze-thaw environment. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03535
- Makaratat, N., Jaturapitakkul, C., & Laosamathikul, T. (2010). Effects of Calcium Carbide Residue–Fly Ash Binder on Mechanical Properties of Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22(11), 1164–1170. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000127
- Makaratat, N., Jaturapitakkul, C., Namarak, C., & Sata, V. (2011). Effects of binder and CaCl2 contents on the strength of calcium carbide residue-fly ash concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(3), 436–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.12.004
- Mishra, M., Sahu, S. K., Mangaraj, P., & Beig, G. (2023). Assessment of hazardous radionuclide emission due to fly ash from fossil fuel combustion in industrial activities in India and its impact on public. Journal of Environmental Management, 328, 116908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116908
- Mohammed, A. A., Nahazanan, H., Nasir, N. A. M., Huseien, G. F., & Saad, A. H. (2023). Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement. In Materials (Vol. 16, Number 5, pp. 1–32). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052020
- Namarak, C., Satching, P., Tangchirapat, W., & Jaturapitakkul, C. (2017). Improving the compressive strength of mortar from a binder of fly ash-calcium carbide residue. Construction and Building Materials, 147, 713–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.167
- Naskar, J., & Sharma, A. K. (2025). Resource and recycling: a comprehensive review of India’s coal landscape, characterization, and the current to future potential of fly ash from thermal power plants. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 45(11), 2472–2522. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2024.2428634
- Nattapong Makaratat, Chaiyanunt Rattanashotinunt, & Chai Jaturapitakkul. (2018). Low CO2 Concrete Made from Calcium Carbide Residue, Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Rice Husk-Bark Ash, and Recycled Aggregates. IEEE.
- Neupane, K. (2022). Evaluation of environmental sustainability of one-part geopolymer binder concrete. Cleaner Materials, 6(2), 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100138
- O’Brien, K. R., Ménaché, J., & O’Moore, L. M. (2009). Impact of fly ash content and fly ash transportation distance on embodied greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption in concrete. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14(7), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-009-0105-5
- Phetchuay, C., Horpibulsuk, S., Suksiripattanapong, C., Chinkulkijniwat, A., Arulrajah, A., & Disfani, M. M. (2014). Calcium carbide residue: Alkaline activator for clay-fly ash geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 69, 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.018
- Ngernkham, P., Phiangphimai, C., Intarabut, D., Hanjitsuwan, S., Damrongwiriyanupap, N., Yuan, L., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2020). Low cost and sustainable repair material made from alkali-activated high-calcium fly ash with calcium carbide residue. Construction and Building Materials, 247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118543
- Rincón, L., Ruiz, C., Contreras, R. R., & Almarza, J. (2023). Study of the NaOH(s)-CO2(g) reaction creating value for industry: green natrite production, energy, and its potential in different sustainable scenarios. Environmental Science: Advances, 2(7), 957–966. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2va00281g
- Rodygin, K. S., Gyrdymova, Yu. V., & Ananikov, V. P. (2022). Calcium carbide residue — a key inorganic component of the sustainable carbon cycle. Russian Chemical Reviews, 91(7), RCR5048. https://doi.org/10.1070/rcr5048
- Silva, G., Kim, S., Aguilar, R., & Nakamatsu, J. (2020). Natural fibers as reinforcement additives for geopolymers – A review of potential eco-friendly applications to the construction industry. In Sustainable Materials and Technologies (Vol. 23, p. e00132). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00132
- Sulbarán, L., Lima, Y., & Mack-Vergara, Y. (2024). Water consumption and CO 2 emissions of concrete production in Panama as a function of the mix design. 2024 9th International Engineering, Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC), 422–427. https://doi.org/10.1109/IESTEC62784.2024.10820256
- Turner, L. K., & Collins, F. G. (2013). Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-e) emissions: A comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 43, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.023
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1975). Calcium Carbide Manufacturing Report.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Waste Reduction Model.
- Wang, Q., Guo, H., Yu, T., Yuan, P., Deng, L., & Zhang, B. (2022). Utilization of Calcium Carbide Residue as Solid Alkali for Preparing Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers: Dependence of Compressive Strength and Microstructure on Calcium Carbide Residue, Water Content and Curing Temperature. Materials, 15(973), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030973
- Yang, T., Gao, X., Zhang, J., Zhuang, X., Wang, H., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Sulphate resistance of one-part geopolymer synthesized by calcium carbide residue-sodium carbonate-activation of slag. Composites Part B: Engineering, 242(110024), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110024
- Yang, T., Yao, X., Zhang, Z., & Wang, H. (2012). Mechanical property and structure of alkali-activated fly ash and slag blends. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 1(4), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2012.752621
- Zhu, X., Niu, F., Ren, L., Jiao, C., Jiang, H., & Yao, X. (2022). Effect of Calcium Carbide Residue on Strength Development Along with Mechanisms of Cement-Stabilized Dredged Sludge. Materials, 15(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134453