FIGURE 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics of study participants | Patients with BD n=23 | Healthy controls n=17 | Statistics | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, female, n (%) | 13 (56.5) | 8 (47.1) | Χ2=0.4 | 0.554 |
| Age at the time of interview, years, mean ± SD | 16.3 ± 1.4 | 16.2 ± 1.0 | t=0.1 | 0.948 |
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | Χ2=1.8 | 0.413 | ||
| High | 2 (8.7) | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Average | 16 (69.6) | 9 (52.9) | ||
| Low | 5 (21.7) | 7 (41.2) | ||
| Family history of psychiatric disorders, n (%) | ||||
| First-degree relative with a psychiatric disorder | 11 (47.8) | - | - | - |
| A second-degree relative with a psychiatric disorder | 13 (56.5) | - | - | - |
| First or second-degree relative with a psychiatric disorder | 18 (78.3) | - | - | - |
| Illness characteristics | ||||
| Age at onset, years, mean ± SD | 14.3 ± 2.1 | - | - | - |
| Duration of BD, years, mean ± SD | 2.3 ± 1.4 | - | - | - |
| Duration of medication treatment, years, mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 1.3 | - | - | - |
| The number of mood episodes, mean ± SD | 3.3 ± 2.0 | - | - | - |
| Total YMRS score, mean ± SD a | 3.2 ± 1.9 | - | - | - |
| Total HAM-D score, mean ± SD a | 2.5 ± 1.5 | - | - | - |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Antipsychotics | 18 (78.3) | - | - | - |
| Aripiprazole | 7 (30.4) | - | - | - |
| Risperidone | 6 (26.1) | - | - | - |
| Quetiapine | 4 (17.4) | - | - | - |
| Olanzapine | 1 (4.3) | - | - | - |
| Mood stabilizers | 20 (87.0) | - | - | - |
| Lithium | 8 (34.8) | - | - | - |
| Valproate | 11 (47.8) | - | - | - |
| Carbamazepine | 2 (8.7) | - | - | - |
| Lamotrigine | 2 (8.7) | - | - | - |
| Blood medication levels, mmol/L | ||||
| Lithium, mean ± SD | 0.78 ± 0.27 | - | - | - |
| Valproate, mean ± SD | 78.6 ± 17.4 | - | - | - |
| Blood neurotrophic factor levels | ||||
| BDNF, pg/ml, median (IQR) | 1353 (1021-2797) | 2227 (1205-3369) | Z=1.4 b | 0.171 |
Measured cortical thickness of various brain regions differed between study groups for youth with BD and healthy controls_
| Brain Regions | Patients with BD n=23 | Healthy controls n=17 | t value | p | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical thickness, millimeter, mean ± SD | |||||
| The caudal part of L middle frontal gyrus | 2.64 ± 0.18 | 2.81 ± 0.23 | -2.5 | 0.017 | 0.80 |
| The caudal part of R middle frontal gyrus | 2.60 ± 0.22 | 2.71 ± 0.26 | -1.4 | 0.166 | - |
| L inferior parietal gyrus | 2.60 ± 0.17 | 2.62 ± 0.15 | -0.5 | 0.627 | - |
| R inferior parietal gyrus | 2.55 ± 0.16 | 2.64 ± 0.13 | -2.0 | 0.056 | - |
| L paracentral gyrus | 2.30 ± 0.20 | 2.38 ± 0.18 | -1.2 | 0.219 | - |
| R paracentral gyrus | 2.17 ± 0.17 | 2.31 ± 0.11 | -2.9 | 0.006 | 0.93 |
| Triangular part of L inferior frontal gyrus | 2.83 ± 0.18 | 2.93 ± 0.18 | -1.6 | 0.112 | - |
| Triangular part of R inferior frontal gyrus | 2.75 ± 0.16 | 2.86 ± 0.16 | -2.1 | 0.041 | 0.68 |
| L pericalcarine region | 1.77 ± 0.13 | 1.84 ± 0.14 | -1.6 | 0.114 | - |
| R pericalcarine region | 1.62 ± 0.10 | 1.70 ± 0.08 | -2.7 | 0.009 | 0.88 |
| L precentral gyrus | 2.21 ± 0.13 | 2.30 ± 0.14 | -2.2 | 0.032 | 0.71 |
| R precentral gyrus | 2.16 ± 0.11 | 2.25 ± 0.14 | -2.3 | 0.024 | 0.75 |
| L precuneus region | 2.52 ± 0.12 | 2.60 ± 0.17 | -1.8 | 0.084 | - |
| R precuneus region | 2.51 ± 0.11 | 2.59 ± 0.16 | -2.0 | 0.050 | - |
| L superior frontal gyrus | 2.94 ± 0.17 | 3.08 ± 0.19 | -2.5 | 0.018 | 0.79 |
| R superior frontal gyrus | 2.99 ± 0.19 | 3.15 ± 0.17 | -2.6 | 0.012 | 0.85 |