Table 1:
Functions of geosynthetics.
| Type of geosynthetic | Filtration | Separation | Reinforcement | Sealing | Protection | Drainage | Barrier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Woven | X | X | X | X | |||
| Nonwoven | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Geogrids | X | ||||||
| Geonets | X | X | |||||
| Geocomposites | X | X | X | X | |||
| Geomembrane | X | X | X |
[i] Source: Shukla, Yin, 2006; Shukla, 2017; ISO 10318-1:2015/Amd 1:2018.
Figure 1:
Plain weave geotextile (Shukla, 2017).
Figure 2:
Geotextile subjected to testing (own photography).
Table 2:
Parameters of the geotextile subjected to testing.
| Tensile strength | Maximum elongation at load | Static puncture resistance | Dynamic puncture resistance | Thickness | Unit mass | Pore size characteristics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length-wise | Width-wise | Length-wise | Width-wise | 4.3 kN | 8.3 mm | 0.37 mm | 200 g/m2 | 190 μm |
| 32 kN/m | 32 kN/m | 18% | 14% | |||||
Figure 3:
Flowchart of the research process.
Figure 4:
a) INSTRON tensile strength machine, b) extensometer (own photography).
Table 3:
Compilation of tensile test results for the tested samples.
| 20 mm/min | 2 mm/min | 0.2 mm/min | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (kN/m) | Strain at maximum tensile strength (%) | Tensile strength (kN/m) | Strain at maximum tensile strength (%) | Tensile strength (kN/m) | Strain at maximum tensile strength (%) | |
| 1 | 30.00 | 5.70 | 29.35 | 6.60 | 28.70 | 10.30 |
| 2 | 31.20 | 5.70 | 30.35 | 7.00 | 27.45 | 9.00 |
| 3 | 31.05 | 5.20 | 28.20 | 6.60 | 27.15 | 9.10 |
| 4 | 33.44 | 5.60 | 29.20 | 7.30 | 27.15 | 9.30 |
| 5 | 32.25 | 5.60 | 29.90 | 6.70 | 26.70 | 9.30 |
| Max value | 33.44 | 5.70 | 30.35 | 7.30 | 28.70 | 10.30 |
| Min value | 30.00 | 5.20 | 28.20 | 6.60 | 26.70 | 9.00 |
| Average value | 31.55 | 5.60 | 29.40 | 6.80 | 27.45 | 9.40 |
| Standard deviation | 0.260 | 0.20 | 0.161 | 0.30 | 0.152 | 0.50 |
Figure 5:
Comparison of typical results for different stretching speeds (own work).
Table 5:
Geotechnical parameters of soils.
| Type of soil | Thickness t (m) | Specific gravity ɣ (kN/m3) | Dry density ρd (g/cm3) | Angle of internal friction φ′ (°) | Cohesion c’ (kPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. MSa | 5 | 19 | 1.33 | 32 | 0 |
| 2. siCl | 5 | 20 | 1.74 | 15 | 20 |
Figure 6:
Slip curves along with the obtained factor of safety (own work).
Figure 7:
Slip curves along with the obtained factor of safety (own work).
Figure 8:
Slip curves along with the obtained factor of safety (own work).
Figure 9:
Increase in strength for woven geotextile with the strain rate (own work).