Figure 1:
Grain size distribution curves and photographs of calcareous and silica sands.
Table 1:
Physical and geotechnical properties of calcareous and silica sands.
| Characteristics | Symbol | Unit | Calcareous Sand | Silica Sand |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific Gravity | Gs | (-) | 2.73 | 2.71 |
| Particle Diameter at 10% Finer | D10 | (mm) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Particle Diameter at 30% Finer | D30 | (mm) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Particle Diameter at 50% Finer (mean particle size) | D50 | (mm) | 1 | 1 |
| Particle Diameter at 60% Finer | D60 | (mm) | 1.19 | 1.19 |
| Coefficient of Uniformity | Cu | (-) | 2.98 | 2.98 |
| Coefficient of Curvature | Cc | (-) | 1.03 | 1.03 |
| Minimum Void Ratio | emin | (-) | 0.61 | 0.54 |
| Maximum Void Ratio | emax | (-) | 0.96 | 0.91 |
| Maximum Dry Density | MDD | (g/cm3) | 1.521 | 1.9 |
| Optimum Moisture Content | OMC | (%) | 4 | 8 |
| Soil Type (Unified Soil Classification System) | UCSC | - | SP | SP |
Table 2:
Chemical properties of calcareous sand.
| Compound | Mass percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| CaO | 50.03 |
| MgO | 1.630 |
| SiO2 | 0.908 |
| Na2O | 0.796 |
| SrO | 0.580 |
| Cl | 0.525 |
| SO3 | 0.500 |
| Al2O3 | 0.270 |
| Fe2O3 | 0.126 |
| P2O5 | 0.091 |
| K2O | 0.066 |
| CuO | 0.021 |
| LOI* | 44.46 |
Figure 2:
Steel and concrete plates with various Rn values.
Figure 3:
Shear strength envelopes for the tested soils at Dr of 30 and 90%.
Figure 4:
Shear strength envelopes for the interaction between (a) calcareous sand and steel plates, and (b) silica sand and steel plates, with different Rn values (Dr = 90%).
Figure 5:
Maximum interface shear strength values between calcareous or silica sand and steel plates with various Rn values, under various normal stress levels and Dr = 90%.
Figure 6:
Friction angle ratios for both calcareous and siliceous sand (Dr = 90%).
Figure 7:
Shear strength envelopes for the calcareous sand-steel interface under (a) Dr = 30% and (b) Dr = 90% with various Rn values.
Figure 8:
Maximum shear strength of the calcareous sand-steel interface versus the Rn under various normal stress levels.
Figure 9:
Variation of the friction angle ratio of calcareous sand-steel interface versus the Rn under Dr 0f 30 and 90%.
Figure 10:
Shear strength envelopes of the calcareous sand-concrete interface.
Figure 11:
Maximum mobilized shear strength values at the interface of calcareous sand and steel or concrete plates under various normal stress values (Dr = 90%).
Figure 12:
Friction angle ratio for calcareous sand-concrete or steel interface at Dr of 90%.
Figure 13:
Shearing angles of 0° and 90°.
Figure. 14:
Effect of shearing angle on the shear strength envelopes at the interface of calcareous sand and concrete or steel plates (Dr = 90%).