Reviews on Finite Element Modeling Practices of Stone Columns for Soft Soil Stabilization Beneath an Embankment Dam

Figures & Tables

No	Name of Author	Year of Publication	Software Used	Constitutive Model^***			Validation Method	Focused Area

				Soft Soil	Stone Column	Embank Ment Dam
1	[37]Shaymaa et al.	2015	FLAC/Slope	MC	MC	MC	Literature	Slope stability
2	[38] NG et al.	2019	PLAXIS 3D	MC	MC	MC	Literature and 2D limit equilibrium method	Slope stability
3	[39] Akhila Shaji et al.	2016	PLAXIS 3D	MC	MC	MC	Not mentioned	Slope Stabilization
4	[40] Amit et al.	2019	FLAC 3D	MC	MC	MC	Laboratory model test	Settlement
5	[41] Mohapatra et al.	2016	FLAC 3D	MC	MC	MC	Field Study (Literature)	Slope stability
6	[42] Shaymaa 2018 et al.	2018	FLAC/Slope	MC	MC	MC	Not mentioned	Slope stability

No	Name of Author	Year of Publication	Software Used	Constitutive Model^****			Validation	Focused Area

				Soft Soil	Stone Column	Embankment Dam	Method
1	[43] Sajjid et al	2012	PLAXIS 2D	MC	MC	MC	Literature	Settlement and consolidation end time
2	[44] Maryam et al.	2018	PLAXIS 2D	MC	MC	MC	Literature (Laboratory result)	Consolidation analysis settlement
3	[45] Chungsik	2010	Abaqus	MCC	MC	MC	Literature (Load test)	Settlement
4	[46] Yogendra et al.	2013	PLAXIS 3D	MC	MC	MC	Not mentioned	Settlement
5	[47] Carreira et al.	2016	PLAXIS 2D	SS	HS	MC	Literature (Full-scale test)	Critical height of the embankment

No.	Name of Authors	Model Type	Numerical Procedure
1	[17] Guétif et al. 2007[18] Castro et al. 2010[19] Kirsch 2006	Axisymmetric model: 2D	By imposing a uniform lateral displacement, which is equal to the final stone column average diameter.
2	[20] Foray et al. 2009	Volumetric model: 3D	By using a uniform volumetric strain expansion of stone column.
3	[21] Elshazly et al. 2008[22] Elshazly et al. 2006	Back analysis from field test	By varying the lateral to vertical stress ratio to obtain the field test behavior.

Method of Construction	Construction Process	Recommendation	References
Displacement Method	A closed-tip steel tube is pushed down into the soft soil and then the cylindrical frame of geotextile and fills is inserted into the empty hole. After that, the tip opens, and the tube is pulled upward under vibration.	A very soft soil (for instance, cu < 15 kPa).	[15] Alexiew et al. (2005)
Replacement Method	An open steel pipe is installed into the soil until it reaches the hard layer, followed by the removal of the soil within the shaft via an auger boring.	The potential for vibration to influence adjacent buildings.	[16] Gniel et al. (2010)

No	Name of Author	Year of Publication	Software Used	Constitutive Model^**			Validation Method	Focused Area

				Soft Soil	Stone Column	Embankment Dam
1	[28] Alkhorshid	2017	PLAXIS 3D	SS	MC	MC	Scaled Laboratory Test	Settlement Lateral deflection
2	[29] Elsawy	2013	PLAXIS 2D	SSC	MC	MC	Literature	Consolidation
3	[30] Belayneh	2020	PLAXIS 3D	MC	MC	MC	Literature (Field Test)	Consolidation Settlement
4	[33] Shafiqu et al.	2015	PLAXIS 3D	HS	MC	HS	Literature (Experimental)	Settlement Lateral displacement Consolidation
5	[32] Imad et al.	2020	PLAXIS 2D	HS	MC	MC	Analytical Method	Settlement Lateral deformation
6	[11] Iman	2015	PLAXIS 2D v.10	HS	MC	MC	Analytical Method	Settlement and lateral displacement
7	[35] Sim	2017	PLAXIS 3D	HS	MC	MC	Field Load Test	Settlement and consolidation