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Effect of Time History on Long-Term Deformation of Gypseous Soils Cover

Effect of Time History on Long-Term Deformation of Gypseous Soils

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica
Volume 44 (2022): Issue 3 (September 2022)
By: Mohammed Y. Fattah,  Yousif J. Al-Shakarchi and  Huda N. Al-Numani  
Open Access
|Sep 2022

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Grain size distribution.
Grain size distribution.

Figure 2

Results of collapse test for the three samples.
Results of collapse test for the three samples.

Figure 3

Variation of strain with the logarithm of time (creep).
Variation of strain with the logarithm of time (creep).

Figure 4

Results of double oedometer test on semi-log scale.
Results of double oedometer test on semi-log scale.

Figure 5

Variation of collapse potential with time in double oedometer test.
Variation of collapse potential with time in double oedometer test.

Figure 6

Effect of gypsum content on the long-term collapse potential (under 800 kPa for 60 days).
Effect of gypsum content on the long-term collapse potential (under 800 kPa for 60 days).

Figure 7

Effect of gypsum content on the collapse potential under different stresses.
Effect of gypsum content on the collapse potential under different stresses.

Figure 8

Collapse potential -log time relationships at different relative densities, (N1 soaked soil).
Collapse potential -log time relationships at different relative densities, (N1 soaked soil).

Figure 9

Effect of relative density on creep for dry samples (N1 soil).
Effect of relative density on creep for dry samples (N1 soil).

Figure 10

Effect of relative density on creep for soaked samples (N1 soil).
Effect of relative density on creep for soaked samples (N1 soil).

Figure 11

Strain versus effective stress for the N1 sample.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.
Strain versus effective stress for the N1 sample.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.

Figure 12

Strain versus effective stress for the N2 sample.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.
Strain versus effective stress for the N2 sample.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.

Figure 13

Strain versus effective stress for the N3 sample.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.
Strain versus effective stress for the N3 sample.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.

Figure 14

Variation of strain with time for the N1 soil.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.
Variation of strain with time for the N1 soil.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.

Figure 15

Variation of strain with time for the N2 soil.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.
Variation of strain with time for the N2 soil.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.

Figure 16

Variation of strain with time for the N3 soil.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.
Variation of strain with time for the N3 soil.OCR: overconsolidation ratio.

Figure 17

Effect of OCR on the creep strain for the three soils.OCR: overconsolidation ratio
Effect of OCR on the creep strain for the three soils.OCR: overconsolidation ratio

Figure 18

Variation of strain rate with time for the N1 soil at different overconsolidation ratios.
Variation of strain rate with time for the N1 soil at different overconsolidation ratios.

Figure 19

Variation of strain rate with time for the N2 soil at different overconsolidation ratios.
Variation of strain rate with time for the N2 soil at different overconsolidation ratios.

Figure 20

Variation of strain rate with time for the N3 soil at different overconsolidation ratio s.
Variation of strain rate with time for the N3 soil at different overconsolidation ratio s.

Figure 21

Comparison between the measured and predicted collapse potential in the three soils using equation (2).
Comparison between the measured and predicted collapse potential in the three soils using equation (2).

Figure 22

Comparison between the measured and predicted collapse potential in soil N1 using equation (3).
Comparison between the measured and predicted collapse potential in soil N1 using equation (3).

Classification of gypseous soil (after Barazanji, 1973)_

Gypsum content (%)Classification
0.0–0.3Non-gypsiferous
0.3–3.0Very slightly gypsiferous
3.0–10Slightly gypsiferous
10–25Moderately gypsiferous
25–50Highly gypsiferous

The compression and swelling indices_

OCRType of soil
N1c = 66%N2c = 44%N3c = 14.8%
CcCrCcCrCcCr
40.1240.0040.1090.010.1620.009
3 0.0014 0.002 0.016
2 0.0019 0.017 0.012

The CP values_

Soil propertySoil type
N1c = 66%N2c = 44%N3c = 14.8%
eo1.0170.6190.480
γd (kN/m3)12.115.517.3
Initial water content, wo %8.34.83.6
Dr %738486
CP %200 kPaCT11.573.421.04
DOT8.934.725.21
800 kPaCT---------
DOT18.3314.637.16

Effect of relative density on the collapse potential of N1 soil_

σv, kPaDr = 40%Dr = 50%Dr = 60%
CP1 dayCP60 daysCP1 dayCP60 daysCP1 dayCP60 days
2001.87---7.47---6.42---
8007910.513.3915.418.47

Chemical test results_

Type of soilTSS, %SO3, %Gypsum content, c %
N1930.666
N27.320.544
N366.914.8

Summary of physical test results_

Soil propertyType of soil
N1N2N3
Specific gravity, Gs2.442.562.69
Initial void ratio, eo1.0170.6190.480
Field dry unit weight, γd field (kN/m3)12.115.517.3
Maximum dry unit weight, γdmax (kN/m3)13.1316.4019.00
Minimum dry unit weigh, γ dmin (kN/m3)9.9812.0010.87
Relative density, Dr %738486
Gravel %15.016.09.0
Sand %83.882.087.0
Fines %1.22.04.0
D10 (mm)0.1700.3000.042
D30 (mm)0.350.480.27
D60 (mm)0.750.950.60
Coefficient of curvature, Cc0.960.792.89
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu4.413.1714.28
Soil classification according to USCSSPSPSW
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2022-0011 | Journal eISSN: 2083-831X | Journal ISSN: 0137-6365
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Language: English
Page range: 198 - 210
Submitted on: Feb 18, 2021
Accepted on: May 8, 2022
Published on: Sep 9, 2022
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Gypseous soil,
creep,
collapse,
time history,
relative density
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geosciences, other,
Materials sciences,
Composites,
Porous materials,
Physics,
Mechanics and fluid dynamics

© 2022 Mohammed Y. Fattah, Yousif J. Al-Shakarchi, Huda N. Al-Numani, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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