Figure 1
General view of the development (building B).
Figure 2
Site plan of the investment and existing neighbouring buildings with determination of the A–A test section placement. The outline of the underground part of the new housing complex is marked by a dotted line (own study based on [32], [11]).
Table 1
Subsoil parameters adopted in the model of the subsoil on the basis of the documentation [34].
| Layer No | Compaction index | Plasticity index | Weight/unit volume | Friction angle | Cohesion | Dilatancy angle | Poisson ratio | Compression modulus based on CPT probing | Modulus of elasticity based on CPT probing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID | IL | γ (kN/m3) | ϕ (°) | c (kPa) | ψ (°) | ν | M (kPa) | E (kPa) | |
| I | – | – | 16–18 | 24 | – | – | 0.25 | – | 15,000 |
| IIa | – | 0.3 | 20 | – | – | – | 0.32 | 5,000 | 3,500 |
| IIb | – | 0.1–0.2 | 21.5 | 15 | 17 | – | 0.32 | 15,000 | 10,500 |
| IIIa | 0.4 | – | 18.5 | 32 | – | 2 | 0.25 | 75,000 | 62,500 |
| IIIb | 0.6 | – | 19.0 | 34 | – | 4 | 0.25 | 110,000 | 91,700 |
| IV | 0.4–0.6 | – | 17.5 | 31 | – | 1 | 0.30 | 90,000–120,000 | 78,000 |
| V | – | 0.0 | 21 | 22 | 40 | – | 0.29 | >45,000 | 34,400 |
| VIa | – | 0.05–0.2 | 19.5 | 11 | 54 | – | 0.37 | 20,000–30,000 | 14,100 |
| VIb | – | 0.0 | 21 | 13 | 60 | – | 0.37 | >30,000 | 17,000 |
Figure 3
Geotechnical cross section [34]
Figure 4
3D numerical model covering the designed building complex A, B and C, neighbouring buildings and soil.
Figure 5
A numerical model section with the determination of the A–A test section placement.
Figure 6
Phase 2 of the implementation – erecting slurry walls; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right.
Figure 7
Phase 4 of the implementation – conducting foundation excavation and supporting it with straining beams; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right.
Figure 8
Phase 5 of the implementation – conducting foundation excavation to the full depth; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right
Figure 9
Phase 6 of the implementation – implementation of the raft foundation; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right.
Figure 10
Phase 7 of the implementation – disassembly of straining beams, followed by the construction of walls and columns in the underground part; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right
Figure 11
Phase 8 of the implementation – construction of the underground part; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right.
Figure 12
Phase 9 of the implementation – construction of the above-ground part; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right.
Figure 13
Phase 14 of the implementation – application of the full-service load; graph of vertical displacements of the land surface in the A–A cross section: a) on the left, b) on the right.
Table 2
The juxtaposition of the vertical displacement values in [mm] of the land surface. from the 3D numerical model in the analyzed implementation phases. for the left side of the A–A test cross–section.
| Distance from the excavation (m) | 50 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 37 | 34 | 31 | 29 | 26 | 24 | 21 | 19 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Phase 2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.3 | −0.7 | −1.2 | −1.7 | −2.2 | −3.0 | −3.7 | −4.3 | −4.8 |
| Phase 3 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.4 | −0.5 | −0.6 | −0.7 | −0.9 | −1.1 | −1.3 | −1.2 | −1.4 | −1.4 | −1.2 | −1.0 |
| Phase 4 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.4 | −0.5 | −0.6 | −0.7 | −0.9 | −1.1 | −1.3 | −1.2 | −1.4 | −1.4 | −1.3 | −1.0 |
| Phase 5 | −1.7 | −2.0 | −2.2 | −2.3 | −2.3 | −2.4 | −2.5 | −2.6 | −2.7 | −3.0 | −3.1 | −3.0 | −2.8 | −2.5 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −4.0 | −7.1 | −11.4 | −17.5 | −21.0 |
| Phase 6 | −1.6 | −1.8 | −2.0 | −2.1 | −2.1 | −2.2 | −2.2 | −2.4 | −2.5 | −2.7 | −2.9 | −2.9 | −2.7 | −2.5 | −2.0 | −2.8 | −5.5 | −9.4 | −14.5 | −21.2 | −25.6 |
| Phase 7 | −1.6 | −1.8 | −2.0 | −2.1 | −2.1 | −2.1 | −2.2 | −2.3 | −2.4 | −2.7 | −2.8 | −2.8 | −2.7 | −2.4 | −1.9 | −2.7 | −5.5 | −9.4 | −14.6 | −21.4 | −25.9 |
| Phase 8 | −1.5 | −1.7 | −1.9 | −1.9 | −2.0 | −2.0 | −2.0 | −2.2 | −2.3 | −2.5 | −2.8 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −2.4 | −2.1 | −3.3 | −6.4 | −10.5 | −15.9 | −23.1 | −27.8 |
| Phase 9 | −1.5 | −1.7 | −1.9 | −1.9 | −1.9 | −2.0 | −2.0 | −2.2 | −2.2 | −2.5 | −2.7 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −2.4 | −2.1 | −3.3 | −6.4 | −10.5 | −15.9 | −23.1 | −27.9 |
| Phase 10 | −1.4 | −1.5 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −2.0 | −2.3 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.3 | −2.1 | −3.3 | −6.5 | −10.7 | −16.2 | −23.4 | −28.2 |
| Phase 11 | −1.3 | −1.5 | −1.6 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −2.2 | −2.5 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.2 | −2.0 | −3.3 | −6.5 | −10.7 | −16.2 | −23.5 | −28.3 |
| Phase 12 | −1.3 | −1.4 | −1.5 | −1.6 | −1.6 | −1.6 | −1.6 | −1.7 | −1.8 | −2.1 | −2.4 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −3.4 | −6.5 | −10.8 | −16.3 | −23.6 | −28.5 |
| Phase 13 | −1.2 | −1.4 | −1.5 | −1.6 | −1.5 | −1.6 | −1.6 | −1.7 | −1.8 | −2.1 | −2.4 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −3.4 | −6.6 | −10.8 | −16.4 | −23.6 | −28.6 |
| Phase 14 | −0.9 | −1.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 | −1.2 | −1.3 | −1.7 | −2.1 | −2.2 | −2.3 | −2.4 | −2.8 | −4.9 | −8.5 | −13.3 | −19.4 | −27.2 | −32.4 |
Table 3
The juxtaposition of the vertical displacement values in [mm] of the land surface. from the 3D numerical model in the analyzed implementation phases. for the right side of the A–A test cross–section.
| Distance from the excavation (m) | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 25 | 28 | 32 | 35 | 39 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Phase 2 | −4.9 | −4.5 | −3.9 | −3.1 | −2.4 | −2.4 | −2.0 | −1.7 | −1.2 | −0.8 | −0.6 | −0.3 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Phase 3 | −0.5 | −1.0 | −1.3 | −1.3 | −1.2 | −1.4 | −1.3 | −1.3 | −1.1 | −0.9 | −0.8 | −0.7 | −0.5 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.2 |
| Phase 4 | −0.5 | −1.0 | −1.3 | −1.3 | −1.2 | −1.4 | −1.3 | −1.3 | −1.1 | −0.9 | −0.8 | −0.7 | −0.5 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.2 |
| Phase 5 | −10.8 | −7.5 | −3.3 | −1.5 | −0.8 | −0.7 | −1.2 | −1.8 | −2.2 | −2.4 | −2.6 | −2.8 | −3.0 | −3.0 | −2.9 | −2.8 | −2.7 |
| Phase 6 | −15.9 | −11.6 | −6.7 | −4.1 | −2.6 | −2.2 | −2.2 | −2.4 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.7 | −2.7 | −2.7 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.4 |
| Phase 7 | −16.4 | −12.0 | −7.0 | −4.3 | −2.7 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −2.4 | −2.5 | −2.5 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.3 |
| Phase 8 | −18.3 | −13.6 | −8.3 | −5.3 | −3.5 | −2.9 | −2.6 | −2.7 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.2 | −2.1 |
| Phase 9 | −18.3 | −13.6 | −8.2 | −5.3 | −3.4 | −2.8 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.3 | −2.2 | −2.1 |
| Phase 10 | −18.5 | −13.7 | −8.4 | −5.4 | −3.5 | −2.9 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.2 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −2.0 |
| Phase 11 | −18.7 | −13.9 | −8.5 | −5.5 | −3.6 | −3.0 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −2.0 |
| Phase 12 | −18.8 | −14.0 | −8.6 | −5.5 | −3.6 | −3.0 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −2.0 | −1.9 |
| Phase 13 | −18.9 | −14.1 | −8.7 | −5.6 | −3.7 | −3.1 | −2.7 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −2.3 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −1.9 | −1.9 |
| Phase 14 | −22.7 | −17.5 | −11.4 | −7.8 | −5.4 | −4.7 | −4.0 | −3.5 | −3.0 | −2.7 | −2.4 | −2.2 | −2.0 | −1.8 | −1.6 | −1.5 | −1.5 |