Experimental study on earth pressure reduction of waste tyre bales used as a backfill for rigid retaining structures

Aleksander Duda; Tomasz Siwowski

doi:10.2478/sgem-2021-0023

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Experimental study on earth pressure reduction of waste tyre bales used as a backfill for rigid retaining structures

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

Volume 43 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

By: Aleksander Duda and Tomasz Siwowski

Open Access

|Nov 2021

Figures & Tables

Typical tyre bale used in the current study.

Scheme of a tyre bale with the basic dimensions.

Tyre bale–filling material interface test set-up (without additional normal loading).

(a) View of the test stand, (b) close-up on LVDTs sensors.

Exemplary curves for P-2 specimen in stage IV of tyre–medium sand shear test: (a) load–time curve, (b) load–displacement curve.

Shear stress–displacement curves for P-2 specimen in subsequent normal load stages: (a) medium sand test, (b) LECA aggregate test, (c) rubber aggregate test.

Shear strength envelopes: (a) tyre–medium sand interface, (b) tyre–LECA interface, (c) tyre–rubber aggregate interface.

Active earth pressure distribution on a rigid wall in three load cases.

Earth pressure reduction factor λE in dependence on the wall's geometry_

Earth pressure reduction factor λE		H (m)

		4	5	6	7	8	9	10
b (m)	1	26.0	22.3	19.6	17.5	15.8	14.5	13.3
	2	56.2	47.1	40.8	36.1	32.4	29.5	27.0
	3	91.7	74.6	63.6	55.7	49.7	45.0	41.2
	4	100.0	100.0	88.3	76.6	67.9	61.2	55.7
	5	100.0	100.0	100.0	98.7	86.9	77.9	70.7
	6	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	95.3	86.3

Earth pressure reduction factors λE for a typical bridge abutment (H = 8_0 m, b = 4_0 m) and standard vertical surface load (q = 25 kPa)_

Backfill type	ρ_IL	ρ_TB	ρ_b	ϕ_b	E_S/E_TB	λ_E

	kN/m³	kN/m³	kN/m³	°	kN/m	%
Case A
Medium sand	19.00	0.00	19.00	35.0	164.8	0.0
Tyre–sand	19.00	5.40	7.67	29.6	25.4	84.6
Tyre–LECA	5.25	5.40	5.38	27.0	77.1	53.2
Tyre–rubber	5.40	5.40	5.40	26.8	77.5	53.0
Case B
Medium sand	19.00	0.00	19.00	35.0	200.0	0.0
Tyre–sand	19.00	5.40	7.67	29.6	64.2	67.9
Tyre–LECA	5.25	5.40	5.38	27.0	117.5	41.2
Tyre–rubber	5.40	5.40	5.40	26.8	118.0	41.0
Case C
Medium sand	19.00	0.00	19.00	35.0	219.0	0.0
Tyre–sand	19.00	5.40	7.67	29.6	17.1	92.2
Tyre–LECA	5.25	5.40	5.38	27.0	76.8	64.9
Tyre–rubber	5.40	5.40	5.40	26.8	77.7	64.5

Shear strength parameters of tyre–filling interface_

Filling material	Friction angle Δ	Cohesion c	Determination coefficient R²

	(°)	(kPa)
Medium sand	29.6	0.77	0.962
LECA aggregate	27.0	0.08	0.994
Rubber aggregate	26.8	0.50	0.983

Shear and normal stresses along the tyre bale–LECA interface_

Bale no.	Area A	Normal load V	Failure load H_f	Normal stress σ	Shear stress τ	Shear stress τ_cal	Error estimation

	(m²)	(kN)	(kN)	(kPa)	(kPa)	(kPa)	(%)
P-1	2.686	22.2	12.00	8.27	4.47	4.28	4.28
		28.4	14.22	10.57	5.29	5.46	3.00
		38.4	20.41	14.30	7.60	7.35	3.37
		44.0	22.79	16.38	8.48	8.41	0.87
P-2	2.712	22.2	11.62	8.19	4.28	4.24	0.96
		28.4	14.59	10.47	5.38	5.41	0.49
		38.4	19.86	14.16	7.32	7.28	0.57
		44.0	22.69	16.22	8.37	8.33	0.42
P-3	2.726	22.2	11.30	8.14	4.15	4.22	1.83
		28.4	14.56	10.42	5.34	5.38	0.71
		38.4	19.23	14.09	7.05	7.24	2.63
		44.0	22.25	16.14	8.16	8.29	1.53

Basic dimensions and weights of tyre bales_

Bale no.	Number of tyres	Length L	Width B	Hight H	Area A	Volume V	Weight G	Unit weight γAVG

		(m)			(m²)	(m³)	(kg)	(kg/m³)
P-1	135	2.070	1.310	0.747	2.712	2.026	1038	512.43
P-2	135	2.040	1.317	0.757	2.689	2.034	1022	502.50
P-3	135	2.050	1.310	0.740	2.686	1.987	1012	509.24
P-4	135	2.040	1.323	0.737	2.699	1.989	1034	519.83
P-5	135	2.070	1.317	0.750	2.726	2.045	1049	513.05
P-6	135	2.060	1.295	0.750	2.668	2.001	1032	515.80
Avg.	135	2.055	1.312	0.747	2.697	2.014	1031	512.14

Basic material characteristics of the filling materials_

Filling material	Granulation	Weight density	Moisture	Friction angle	Cohesion	State

	(mm)	(kN/m³)	(%)	(°)	(kPa)
Medium sand	0.25–1.00	18.5 ± 0.5	12.6–12.8	35.2	0	Loose / medium concentrated
LECA aggregate	8–20	3.2	18.7–22.2	35.3	0	Loose
Rubber aggregate	4–20	4.2	9.8–11.0	20.5^*	10.5^*	Loose

Shear and normal stresses along the tyre bale–medium sand interface_

Bale no.	Area A	Normal load V	Failure load H_f	Normal stress σ	Shear stress τ	Shear stress τ_cal	Error estimation

	(m²)	(kN)	(kN)	(kPa)	(kPa)	(kPa)	(%)
P-1	2.686	22.2	14.01	8.27	5.22	5.47	4.58
		28.4	18.24	10.57	6.79	6.78	0.18
		38.4	23.00	14.30	8.56	8.90	3.74
		44.0	25.71	16.38	9.57	10.08	5.05
P-2	2.712	22.2	13.86	8.19	5.11	5.42	5.73
		28.4	18.61	10.47	6.86	6.72	2.10
		38.4	23.00	14.16	8.48	8.82	3.82
		44.0	28.03	16.22	10.34	9.99	3.45
P-3	2.726	22.2	16.45	8.14	6.03	5.40	11.80
		28.4	17.80	10.42	6.53	6.69	2.40
		38.4	24.70	14.09	9.06	8.78	3.25
		44.0	28.41	16.14	10.42	9.94	4.81

Shear and normal stresses along the tyre bale–rubber aggregate interface_

Bale no.	Area A	Normal load V	Failure load H_f	Normal stress σ	Shear stress τ	Shear stress τ_cal	Error estimation

	(m²)	(kN)	(kN)	(kPa)	(kPa)	(kPa)	(%)
P-1	2.686	22.2	12.88	8.27	4.80	4.68	2.57
		28.4	16.15	10.57	6.01	5.84	2.96
		38.4	21.32	14.30	7.94	7.72	2.83
		44.0	24.51	16.38	9.13	8.77	4.04
P-2	2.712	22.2	12.18	8.19	4.49	4.64	3.11
		28.4	15.46	10.47	5.70	5.79	1.52
		38.4	20.64	14.16	7.61	7.65	0.51
		44.0	23.62	16.22	8.71	8.69	0.21
P-3	2.726	22.2	12.34	8.14	4.53	4.61	1.89
		28.4	15.88	10.42	5.83	5.76	1.10
		38.4	20.51	14.09	7.52	7.61	1.17
		44.0	22.20	16.14	8.14	8.65	5.85

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2021-0023 | Journal eISSN: 2083-831X | Journal ISSN: 0137-6365

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Language: English

Page range: 411 - 424

Submitted on: Mar 30, 2021

Accepted on: Aug 31, 2021

Published on: Nov 1, 2021

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Related subjects:

Physics,

Mechanics and fluid dynamics

© 2021 Aleksander Duda, Tomasz Siwowski, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 43 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

Experimental study on earth pressure reduction of waste tyre bales used as a backfill for rigid retaining structures

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Earth pressure reduction factor λE in dependence on the wall's geometry_

Earth pressure reduction factors λE for a typical bridge abutment (H = 8_0 m, b = 4_0 m) and standard vertical surface load (q = 25 kPa)_

Shear strength parameters of tyre–filling interface_

Shear and normal stresses along the tyre bale–LECA interface_

Basic dimensions and weights of tyre bales_

Basic material characteristics of the filling materials_

Shear and normal stresses along the tyre bale–medium sand interface_

Shear and normal stresses along the tyre bale–rubber aggregate interface_

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