Figure 1
![Roberson soil behaviour type classification chart[7]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2020-0002_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T220149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=03cfc244de6a9c573a04d6e73191a9560c6625c05c67fd40e19355e68e8cb541&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![Roberson's soil behaviour type classification chart[11]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2020-0002_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T220149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=40f059caf7eb8473f2f2a676097e332a7ceeab2f3089a38aa8bab606dd747e22&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
![The Ic thresholds showed on Roberson's soil behaviour type classification chart[8]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2020-0002_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T220149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=0b9c3565d1d64ae8fa1a88e6a57574521b8f2639fbf264d6d10d4dca52aebc3c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![Illustration of failure mechanism and impact zone for pile[13]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2020-0002_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T220149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=2e9082240f4bb65cfc9718cd822b107f84f38292c2be292db74d03d97882318e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5
![The schema of the effect of thin layer and transition zone[2]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2020-0002_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T220149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=965a143d6b775754f0a9c899f4a30494bff8c481b4cdfd2dafae9a42e58ac543&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Numbers of subdivisions and corresponding Soil Behaviour Types[11]
| SBT | Soil behaviour type |
|---|---|
| 1 | Sensitive, fine grained |
| 2 | Organic soils: peats |
| 3 | Clays: silty clay to clay |
| 4 | Silt mixtures: clayey silt to silty clay |
| 5 | Sand mixtures: silty sand to sandy silt |
| 6 | Sand: clean sand to silty sand |
| 7 | Gravelly sand to dense sand |
| 8 | Very stiff sand to clayey sand |
| 9 | Very stiff, fine grained |
SBT index classification proposed by Robertson and Wride[8]
| Classification | Soil behaviour type | Soil behaviour type index Ic |
|---|---|---|
| SBT2 | Organic soils: peats | Ic > 3.60 |
| SBT3 | Clays: silty clay to clay | 2.95 ≤ Ic < 3.60 |
| SBT4 | Silt mixtures: clayey silt to silty clay | 2.60 ≤ Ic < 2.95 |
| SBT5 | Sand mixtures: silty sand to sandy silt | 2.05 ≤ Ic < =2.60 |
| SBT6 | Sand: clean sand to silty sand | 1.31 ≤ Ic < =2.05 |
| SBT7 | Gravelly sand to dense sand | Ic < 1.31 |
Numbers of subdivisions and corresponding Soil Behaviour Types[7]
| SBT | Soil Behaviour Type |
|---|---|
| 1 | Sensitive fine grained |
| 2 | Organic material |
| 3 | Clay |
| 4 | Silty clay to clay |
| 5 | Clayey silt to silty clay |
| 6 | Sandy silt to clayey silt |
| 7 | Silty sand to sandy silt |
| 8 | Sand to silty sand |
| 9 | Sand |
| 10 | Gravelly sand to sand |
| 11 | Very stiff fine grained |
| 12 | Sand to clayey sand |