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![Local and global failure mechanism: a) Prandtl failure mechanism (Prandtl[33]), b) global failure mechanism (method of characteristics) for di/a = 12.22 and ρ = 15°, c) solution for the modified Coulomb condition, the method of characteristics grid for ρ = 10°, Sc/Sr = 5, d) determination of the upper limit: block compressed by flat stamps (modified condition)](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473788b4e662f30ba53f7de/j_sgem-2019-0029_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHNQVPCAB%2F20260221%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260221T055425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEN3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQC2eYZJ8AFzk72f%2BFNzGyHjnV1QkAsv1ARMscwoY2iydwIhAKcAuJoDNfFD2OOiFMV8s82LlkN8xDlZcqSrA5GIV2YIKsUFCKb%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgz9yubB7%2B8kTqmb2W0qmQUv4uS3WzTnSGGoMY2tfmkCq%2F3fjK8eY94wE90%2BaMu3SCaXTigeRsEcPN3P4AqcAE7jEXUuXRtUNilvUsohKyiVqD7yWqZbfwSCRP%2FEMPtYy%2F9KOmKxEIa%2BtRqqHnP9WHnbFz3lyCtK33jpq4sb0rAE5s%2Fp2PHu9dpb833mMgIcsodi9Co4UXRZSG61dP0KNqbjmayF3s4mrZ58%2BXL9boe4851Rj1yEqlcySLX%2FUU2nT6W%2B42hdtuC0XfcP2N%2FZ51UV3kzlgjdF9A9nwDVSrBWOd3GcaV63qbmS%2BzfxQZgL2q8%2BIruYwLHNfYIl5Nq52QtCLW1JUgSsrrX0zZK4uz8klJn2N0FdbNFGFCjWnIVuuz61ROR2VsbO1dL0CBvna1Zx3qSGzwxVYgOOtAaM1K4G8%2BdHdIPdvpM3JrU%2Bfpzw4q8ju8gS%2F5PcPJbPdNEkQqnOzHI51GQmMc4QannD0FJN5Tzjl%2Bev2W0dcinYXigIcf7x7WBBv0t1N1zm7RjH6Ld8pOT8dS5vqeS3UJLnVYOCzpncHcyvd4m1dZurCZmcYXe0KII%2FNtc8I4U8rFYSERV%2F7A%2F3zB3ZWe2okYSEZ%2FWDTJcmqQcVo%2FdOujRdCmQU2%2BPI3DIhulkrfgX%2BeCMGk1xv7QPlAnVnx6RCnCyBY0Gv4VY62z5ztzG8uh%2Bh0Jgj3lB6LTJTbbn8xFTGcL%2BdlUGjcyBLkolu701AniyWNko8U8uNBpPAMCeGXTSLKAc4r8RfIybYyfz%2BqS%2FR25kio8l724LYC6T5XGtS%2B0mj0lvsNWQBTDNy2d%2Bw4%2BhiKtylMC9kH6Kb82xxl7BqLj5DFwR%2BIbdS4JAckKdwZWKTLLqj%2F8zjOMTu5pNXyJXKq%2FCh0BhmPMGtOFS6bzDB9uTMBjqwAefpZI3K8ClSUWGKEsTUCRAAUt29y5rmLepUL9jIjYxItrtNaF%2BstsCrjatgveLxs3zWlJwM4jkTzfGRgFGcMpK3nnu6zH%2FHN61VbKkTF2fgdTV48iSeJO2L1t3CEGohNl0d%2BhqeNrCaiUnxm3pcNvjoUHowO7aqaQ5gE4Uj1RdAMto4VdQ1nHSYRpLJw4jREzvQWfSEghos%2BMyUlZ%2Fo4wrGJRAKVXtyxEN6yCLatHo0&X-Amz-Signature=02c258e2c94e80ce13c85a30820c4076ab34a9f12b203f0367f1467ac7cbbec2&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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Crushing forces, crushing energy and technical performance
| Crushing plates type | Maximum crushing force | Average maximum crushing force | Average crushing force | Specific energy | Technical performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fpeak | Fav | Ls | Wt | ||
| [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | [kJ/kg] | [t/h] | |
| I | 262.80 | 138.76 | 45.72 | 3.07 | 2.13 |
| II | 234.39 | 64.84 | 16.69 | 3.71 | 0.38 |
| III | 229.89 | 62.74 | 17.01 | 3.59 | 0.40 |
| IV | 148.25 | 59.64 | 18.12 | 2.29 | 1.10 |
| V | 152.18 | 60.52 | 18.23 | 2.31 | 1.24 |
| VI | 127.03 | 60.24 | 18.70 | 2.14 | 0.82 |
Changes in crushing parameter values as a function of feed mass_ Maximum crushing force, specific energy, technical performance and crushing time_ Crushing of sandstone “Mucharz” between the flat plates
| Feed size | Mass | Specific energy | Maximum crushing force | Technical performance | Crushing time | Number of samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D | m | Ls | Fpeak | Wt | tc | i |
| [mm] | [kg] | [kJ/kg] | [kN] | [t/h] | [s] | [-] |
| 90 | 2.01 | 2.71 | 202.14 | 1.71 | 4.23 | 12 |
| 90 | 3.44 | 2.83 | 221.81 | 1.79 | 6.93 | 11 |
| 90 | 3.92 | 2.9 | 231.93 | 1.84 | 7.69 | 11 |
| 90 | 4.78 | 3.02 | 261.98 | 1.93 | 8.9 | 12 |
| 90 | 6.2 | 3.1 | 269.94 | 2.07 | 10.8 | 11 |
| 90 | 7.37 | 3.07 | 262.80 | 2.13 | 12.44 | 12 |
| 90 | 10.2 | 3.12 | 265.43 | 2.14 | 17.13 | 11 |
| 90 | 20.5 | 3.11 | 267.32 | 2.12 | 34.81 | 11 |
Product grain size, degree of fineness
| Set | I | II | III | IV | V | VI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d80% | 12.19 | 12.88 | 13.83 | 13.85 | 13.87 | 13.62 |
| n80% | 7.38 | 6.99 | 6.51 | 6.50 | 6.49 | 6.61 |
Product particle size distribution for 6 sets of crushing plates
| Set | I | II | III | IV | V | VI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fraction d [mm] | Residue on sieves, share of grain fraction fn [%] | |||||
| 31.5 < d | 1.13 | 0.81 | 3.35 | 4.75 | 6.11 | 3.13 |
| 16 < d ≤ 31.5 | 39.92 | 49.15 | 49.35 | 56.82 | 51.58 | 56.69 |
| 8 < d ≤ 16 | 29.92 | 22.46 | 21.98 | 20.12 | 22.66 | 17.21 |
| 4 < d ≤ 8 | 11.64 | 10.94 | 10.85 | 7.58 | 7.77 | 9.75 |
| 2 < d ≤ 4 | 5.14 | 5.23 | 4.00 | 3.37 | 3.27 | 4.01 |
| 1 < d ≤ 2 | 3.68 | 3.44 | 2.97 | 2.16 | 2.25 | 2.65 |
| 0.5 < d ≤ 1 | 2.35 | 1.91 | 2.21 | 1.27 | 1.71 | 1.57 |
| 0.25 < d ≤ 0.5 | 1.99 | 1.62 | 1.51 | 1.04 | 1.34 | 1.40 |
| 0.125 < d ≤ 0.25 | 2.18 | 1.61 | 1.62 | 0.99 | 1.39 | 1.44 |
| 0.063 < d ≤ 0.125 | 2.05 | 1.67 | 0.54 | 1.06 | 1.38 | 1.43 |
| d ≤ 0.063 | 0.66 | 1.17 | 1.62 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 0.73 |