Figure 1
Scanning electron microscope view (SEM) of Chlef sand, Della et al. (2014).
Figure 2
Grain size distribution curve of Chlef sand and cemented sand.
Figure 3
Materials used in this study: (a) Sand, (b) Cement, (c) Sample preparation.
Table 1
Physical characteristics of Chlef sand and cemented sand.
| Materials | Cc (%) | γS (g/cm3) | D50 (mm) | CUnif (.) | CCurv (.) | emin (.) | emax (.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sand | 0 | 2.719 | 0.44 | 2.35 | 1.32 | 0.588 | 0.853 |
| sand cemented | 2.5 | 2.735 | 0.43 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 0.542 | 0.831 |
| 5 | 2.765 | 0.42 | 2.66 | 1.5 | 0.535 | 0.811 | |
| 7.5 | 2.81 | 0.41 | 2.75 | 1.45 | 0.529 | 0.815 | |
| 10 | 2.845 | 0.4 | 2.85 | 1.5 | 0.517 | 0.823 |
Table 2
Chemical and mineralogical compositions of the cement.
| CEM II/A | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical compositions (%) | Mineralogical compositions (%) | ||
| SiO2 | 20.58 | C3S | 57.79 |
| Al2O3 | 4.90 | C2S | 20.47 |
| Fe2O3 | 4.70 | C3A | 7.20 |
| CaO | 62.8 | C4AF | 11.49 |
| SO3 | 2.28 | ||
| MgO | 0.53 | ||
| K2O | 0.42 | ||
| Na2O | 0.12 | ||
| Free lime | 2.17 | ||
Table 3
Parameters of the experimental program.
| Type of Samples | Vertical stress (kPa) | Water content (%) | Cement content (%) | Relative density (%) | Time of cure (days) | Number of tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncemented | 100 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 9 | |
| samples | 200 | |||||
| 400 | 10 | |||||
| Cemented samples | 100 | 2.5 | 80 | 7 | 108 | |
| 200 | 5 | 14 | ||||
| 400 | 10 | 7.5 | 28 | |||
| 10 |
Figure 4
Influence of water content on the behavior of Chlef sand (σn = 100 kPa, Dr = 80%), (a): Shear stress as a function of horizontal displacement, (b): Vertical displacement as a function of horizontal displacement.
Figure 5
Cement content influence on the shear strength of cemented sand (σn = 100 kPa), (a) ω = 3%, (b) ω = 7%, (c) ω = 10%.
Figure 6
Cement content influence on the vertical displacement of cemented sand (σn = 100 kPa), (a) ω = 3%, (b) ω = 7%, (c) ω = 10%.
Figure 7
Evolution of the maximum shear strength of cemented reinforced sand as function of cement content (case of a water content ω = 10%).
Figure 8
Influence of the cement content on the mechanical properties of cemented sand: (a) variation of the interlocking or intercept cohesion; (b) Variation of the friction angle.
Figure 9
Influence of curing time on shear strength of cemented sand (σn = 100 kPa), (a) after 7 days, (b) 14 days, (c) 28 days.
Figure 10
Influence of curing time on deformability of cemented sand (σn = 100 kPa), (a) after 7 days, (b) 14 days, (c) 28 days.
Figure 11
Influence of cure time on the maximum shear strength of cemented sand, (a) Normal stress of 100 kPa, (b) Normal stress of 200 kPa, (c) Normal stress of 400 kPa,.
Figure 12
Influence of curing time on the mechanical characteristics of cemented sand.
Table 4
Summary of our results with those found in the literature.
| 7 days | 14 days | 28 days | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cc (%) | C (kPa) | φ (°) | C (kPa) | φ (°) | C (kPa) | φ (°) |
| 0 | 12.92 | 36.54 | 12.92 | 36.54 | 12.92 | 36.54 |
| 2.5 | 47.29 | 36.9 | 107.04 | 37.03 | 122.97 | 40.05 |
| 5 | 64.31 | 38.41 | 114.22 | 42.19 | 150.38 | 41.51 |
| 7.5 | 92.47 | 41 | 140.58 | 43.46 | 153.72 | 47.4 |
| 10 | 98.76 | 42.39 | 180.69 | 46.17 | 206.54 | 47.47 |
| Amini et al (2013) | Asghari et al (2003) | Consoli et al (2009) | ||||
| Cc (%) | C (kPa) | φ (°) | Cc (%) | C (kPa) | Cc (%) | C (kPa) |
| 0 | 0 | 38.74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 58.15 | 42.28 | 1.5 | 200 | 1 | 19.5 |
| 2 | 94 | 43.13 | 3 | 250 | 4 | 84 |
| 4.5 | 375 | 7 | 146.5 | |||
| 10 | 328 | |||||