Figure 1
![Localization of the liquefaction phenomenon in the Chlef valley during the earthquake of October 1980[16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473785c4e662f30ba53f7ba/j_sgem-2019-0014_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKAQBD4DWL%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T093438Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIH81EyrbYf%2F%2BDCe9nR84Cn9vBgMGrk6X0Pw7pyV8IITnAiEAs6HgZoLphVE8%2FC%2FRaGkrbe9kc6x1ayu9HXLQkEAtvngqxQUIz%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOMXGhvNgNwAmj9VECqZBfWiLrHB%2BNnSpN%2BTzIcXzukSiBZzFjdzR3eKeBvXCPFSO3I6g3F%2BYLZH8S30UH0mSwYolrVuv8UJZe784z97qyFU8%2FHCUp3QKoZKlANvBWeXHJrhERxDfORgxcozmKdlpBX0g9iSlyqtUHdSE%2BZMjGplRpXEpiHyFe6QsW%2FaeQ7%2FcK9namO01DrGO85jXTE5JlxAunxG24vAFtjJKK0kS2WsbFlXAEt6veaZEsDRpdm7ebWLcuYbYQjjx%2F9OP9DS69Q1qmKZn%2BZHq0Pbt6U5EFwbLsFvZ8DxYU6RoZwv9fOqhnkrFkp0n%2BWF0fVkkBgrFvt1aMagT2qDX3avVw82AR5aPXz2d1ZPCx5oxBESMFW7%2BHAelGRutYrOUW%2F98Y1eFCmNKzSCUiJOUxXG4nBJ%2B8P1r4V7erWxtz7iqyf%2F%2FBTgrJPTC22ZjhN36J0qT81FJ9nJk%2FfxNag92WQ1%2BxRTBzpD6B4YlBDjfLQvaawLTizFTOxmjDJrkw2A8BpY4Np5SWSN9Pz1ovuX5hpLck6O4YvjucUsuu2gOJ6aa1yDm4FDrXpHp5ZLs5qtFVEe50UfPHj%2FQAyHlpMdtScFYRZT0A%2B3%2F%2FL8jjwNp5KsfIJmHXW39uZSzT4NJmKUJ2%2FRvYkxkL0upNDhOlOExuD7NBInG46rORvBTaVCKwfxQ3MGffjHZ3utHc4dvGBhAu2KG8wWrbu%2FrybOztSGsGzBOJ1ePb4j%2F9s5KWEqYwEh8PyRy1GmoDdaAA0AfESeKbWQaoKt%2FY4I3gJlHWnsK6EMj87PZVfYMBprYYQmxEiw9PdBZ7IKmRJeAjTBKf0zWvrZNqOlxusbtPOIgzLWuBPDVeNZ979HCbnqjovNqHISLaxDwAaj7CRqUEh7cHsjMIqq3s0GOrEBH4KNn%2BSLETxTHQ2Z%2FjtzSNEyOZOnuGRNxpOpxyz8AiszeU9rTrGp%2BFEDhPOeAqr5iegs63m%2Bltw%2BGYxGfT7%2BkQr6q9aLdIpgtDIOFoZkBfR0E023mU4dO9EJiHcvi3TcD%2FUe3QgNrRyfMxku65YUuuGgKelMJAWprASrzeabrRoN7%2FsokLbQVZGRKwISFw5J7%2FPvXbdnGNytz3bQF2jYVqshAN8ZRriNixpC3v3bqzFw&X-Amz-Signature=fe005b671c324efc1a7aad7cedb0face663bbc1683f8693a3403aec27d5fc6a8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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Experimental program_
| Relative density, Dr(%) | Fiber content, Fc(%) | Normal stress, 6n(kPa) |
|---|---|---|
| 30 | 0,0.25, 0.5and 0.75 | 50, 100 and 200 |
| 50 | 0, 0.25, 0.5and 0.75 | 50, 100 and 200 |
| 80 | 0, 0.25, 0.5and 0.75 | 50, 100 and 200 |
Engineering properties of Chlef sand_
| Sand Properties | Standard test specifications | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Medium grain size, D50 (mm) | ASTM D-422 | 0.40 |
| Maximum diameter, Dmax(mm) | ASTM D-422 | 2.00 |
| Coefficient of uniformity, Cu (.) | ASTM D-422 | 2.227 |
| Coefficient of curvature, Cc (.) | ASTM D-422 | 0.891 |
| Mean specific gravity, Gs(.) | ASTM D854-02 | 2.665 |
| Maximum void ratio, emax(.) | ASTM D4253-00 | 0.85 |
| Minimum void ratio, emin(.) | ASTM D4254-00 | 0.56 |
Physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber_
| Specific gravity | Length (mm) | Diameter (μm) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Young modulus (GPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.91 | 12 | 32 | 600–700 | 3.0–3.5 |