Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3a
![Expressway S-8 Wrocław-Syców, cross-section at km 14 + 630 – embankment placed directly on the layer of silts (stability assessment performed according to [21]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473782b4e662f30ba53f787/j_sgem-2018-0029_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKMCCB5XJF%2F20260222%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260222T035243Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDk6gL31b5U20aBb2Q6ydCqhR0pIEIZtbAtLfbI1DWYpAIhAMVR%2FfhTikOeRWx1WOy0sJZzMHHcseUf%2BWGOs27CIdAEKsYFCLz%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgxJ5mIqm87DVzDihw4qmgUqhUji6YCYwNMP%2F1rfOHF38o99dT7lQGKW07khRnk67eP0fUTZKQiiQYgdkEi5LuLO2p5dEqvgQ2%2FmA%2BdRgXdUM58aidrviMOTFWrZdjQjSCnHZ8UrfViwEZOcu2jCUbvWyqyCeoPAFImrLsIn0wOOiy6E%2F5EFvyKRj81iCFJ7cXu8WDkrJsOJnyfmbjYRSD3WuyfvPKY2n9OrBmbVp719pUTqtcM8VBm1sX%2B0BwmjVX5MoIKCGQf07foYKtDXD9QzMg5F77NOjARKFLbrkW54YtaJRofxcGqOUUKyOHWW1wOUl36oypDIkTidyHa0GAEtuxmcEIir%2Be9zlbVEFJ5Qs9QcdoQhYzIXF71izidHXIgIpBSlzOT58upXX7GxtXjYyeN990QHN0Ub6hXyvmRLC%2BMT1NpoVd7fFaKdApuUWeX45YkYGR5QGWh6F55aQ0e63G%2B%2FBEGtz3eqEdMXCKTB1W%2Be0HzeyD%2FZrc8TXtjY46NNFwQK77o8m3j2hlM4Vy8qRyITgooy253%2FoiN%2Bk9JYiNkEbKVhZqdoHl%2Fi5FVUhZevZuMPZ%2Bku2ibf4f7GnEk5spbvG7w9W56X1P%2FNOCzSit9tqYg8KQe0Ps40DQ0E36CXNHJ4x%2F%2FaSyjYRx7BHqqaDjEZsrtJwjP4LNEYIT9LGK%2FkRZvUeRynnwqt1BcprtohtsBMckz8Fg7Ax%2B%2FoCbsk0CbfB1Vc%2Fqd1aPJjjQo945wPOhNsui4tIGY9WsHn8vQf8YIFuOd6uu%2Bcjm6C8jaM3vGDfIOfX2EXFF1MIgcCQe0UYijVFWskjZYbWCpHtHew6kDQzVgWYqqRfNTZfNC36HHXulV0I7TrnYTW2kic2pO2LSJQA3hFDzPYs0UXnVP8rVHcHDSmvxowotjpzAY6sAGAfVCbIxQhi42Rx52ZQfMNAaazX%2FNQtKwBEduYnAUGnm7dPNlfINZ4CdBOauXkX78%2B5fijk1sXuBNvR95cz9DD6S3Ki9BXBIKG4%2FXkaRtnaxdC3H05LJqDpZN2LR8EhmNeOv2jHrwvMZffYbEC77KvLLixMu%2FmG8CQnb5SIklIte%2F84nxIcoqNRBkyeRKWHQue7bILXxRMy3rChcLlbsNS4HEi%2FUaATikfE3YWwuF7Fg%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=e204cec7f83c87065e0032e4eb7497985e9fd1ebb8f872881589fc79b1df5802&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3b

Figure 4
![Dependence of limit resistance to shearing τf of the ash-sand mixtures, depending on the embankment height[1].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473782b4e662f30ba53f787/j_sgem-2018-0029_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKMCCB5XJF%2F20260222%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260222T035243Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDk6gL31b5U20aBb2Q6ydCqhR0pIEIZtbAtLfbI1DWYpAIhAMVR%2FfhTikOeRWx1WOy0sJZzMHHcseUf%2BWGOs27CIdAEKsYFCLz%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgxJ5mIqm87DVzDihw4qmgUqhUji6YCYwNMP%2F1rfOHF38o99dT7lQGKW07khRnk67eP0fUTZKQiiQYgdkEi5LuLO2p5dEqvgQ2%2FmA%2BdRgXdUM58aidrviMOTFWrZdjQjSCnHZ8UrfViwEZOcu2jCUbvWyqyCeoPAFImrLsIn0wOOiy6E%2F5EFvyKRj81iCFJ7cXu8WDkrJsOJnyfmbjYRSD3WuyfvPKY2n9OrBmbVp719pUTqtcM8VBm1sX%2B0BwmjVX5MoIKCGQf07foYKtDXD9QzMg5F77NOjARKFLbrkW54YtaJRofxcGqOUUKyOHWW1wOUl36oypDIkTidyHa0GAEtuxmcEIir%2Be9zlbVEFJ5Qs9QcdoQhYzIXF71izidHXIgIpBSlzOT58upXX7GxtXjYyeN990QHN0Ub6hXyvmRLC%2BMT1NpoVd7fFaKdApuUWeX45YkYGR5QGWh6F55aQ0e63G%2B%2FBEGtz3eqEdMXCKTB1W%2Be0HzeyD%2FZrc8TXtjY46NNFwQK77o8m3j2hlM4Vy8qRyITgooy253%2FoiN%2Bk9JYiNkEbKVhZqdoHl%2Fi5FVUhZevZuMPZ%2Bku2ibf4f7GnEk5spbvG7w9W56X1P%2FNOCzSit9tqYg8KQe0Ps40DQ0E36CXNHJ4x%2F%2FaSyjYRx7BHqqaDjEZsrtJwjP4LNEYIT9LGK%2FkRZvUeRynnwqt1BcprtohtsBMckz8Fg7Ax%2B%2FoCbsk0CbfB1Vc%2Fqd1aPJjjQo945wPOhNsui4tIGY9WsHn8vQf8YIFuOd6uu%2Bcjm6C8jaM3vGDfIOfX2EXFF1MIgcCQe0UYijVFWskjZYbWCpHtHew6kDQzVgWYqqRfNTZfNC36HHXulV0I7TrnYTW2kic2pO2LSJQA3hFDzPYs0UXnVP8rVHcHDSmvxowotjpzAY6sAGAfVCbIxQhi42Rx52ZQfMNAaazX%2FNQtKwBEduYnAUGnm7dPNlfINZ4CdBOauXkX78%2B5fijk1sXuBNvR95cz9DD6S3Ki9BXBIKG4%2FXkaRtnaxdC3H05LJqDpZN2LR8EhmNeOv2jHrwvMZffYbEC77KvLLixMu%2FmG8CQnb5SIklIte%2F84nxIcoqNRBkyeRKWHQue7bILXxRMy3rChcLlbsNS4HEi%2FUaATikfE3YWwuF7Fg%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=5e130cc4ca5add1aa7dc0b4893e8b48469fb0dfbc27649ac62496cb98aa2b85a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5

Figure 6
![Safe slope gradient of the road embankment formed from ash-sand mixtures in the function of embankment height - results obtained for the factor of safety Fmin = 1.5 [1].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473782b4e662f30ba53f787/j_sgem-2018-0029_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKMCCB5XJF%2F20260222%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260222T035243Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDk6gL31b5U20aBb2Q6ydCqhR0pIEIZtbAtLfbI1DWYpAIhAMVR%2FfhTikOeRWx1WOy0sJZzMHHcseUf%2BWGOs27CIdAEKsYFCLz%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgxJ5mIqm87DVzDihw4qmgUqhUji6YCYwNMP%2F1rfOHF38o99dT7lQGKW07khRnk67eP0fUTZKQiiQYgdkEi5LuLO2p5dEqvgQ2%2FmA%2BdRgXdUM58aidrviMOTFWrZdjQjSCnHZ8UrfViwEZOcu2jCUbvWyqyCeoPAFImrLsIn0wOOiy6E%2F5EFvyKRj81iCFJ7cXu8WDkrJsOJnyfmbjYRSD3WuyfvPKY2n9OrBmbVp719pUTqtcM8VBm1sX%2B0BwmjVX5MoIKCGQf07foYKtDXD9QzMg5F77NOjARKFLbrkW54YtaJRofxcGqOUUKyOHWW1wOUl36oypDIkTidyHa0GAEtuxmcEIir%2Be9zlbVEFJ5Qs9QcdoQhYzIXF71izidHXIgIpBSlzOT58upXX7GxtXjYyeN990QHN0Ub6hXyvmRLC%2BMT1NpoVd7fFaKdApuUWeX45YkYGR5QGWh6F55aQ0e63G%2B%2FBEGtz3eqEdMXCKTB1W%2Be0HzeyD%2FZrc8TXtjY46NNFwQK77o8m3j2hlM4Vy8qRyITgooy253%2FoiN%2Bk9JYiNkEbKVhZqdoHl%2Fi5FVUhZevZuMPZ%2Bku2ibf4f7GnEk5spbvG7w9W56X1P%2FNOCzSit9tqYg8KQe0Ps40DQ0E36CXNHJ4x%2F%2FaSyjYRx7BHqqaDjEZsrtJwjP4LNEYIT9LGK%2FkRZvUeRynnwqt1BcprtohtsBMckz8Fg7Ax%2B%2FoCbsk0CbfB1Vc%2Fqd1aPJjjQo945wPOhNsui4tIGY9WsHn8vQf8YIFuOd6uu%2Bcjm6C8jaM3vGDfIOfX2EXFF1MIgcCQe0UYijVFWskjZYbWCpHtHew6kDQzVgWYqqRfNTZfNC36HHXulV0I7TrnYTW2kic2pO2LSJQA3hFDzPYs0UXnVP8rVHcHDSmvxowotjpzAY6sAGAfVCbIxQhi42Rx52ZQfMNAaazX%2FNQtKwBEduYnAUGnm7dPNlfINZ4CdBOauXkX78%2B5fijk1sXuBNvR95cz9DD6S3Ki9BXBIKG4%2FXkaRtnaxdC3H05LJqDpZN2LR8EhmNeOv2jHrwvMZffYbEC77KvLLixMu%2FmG8CQnb5SIklIte%2F84nxIcoqNRBkyeRKWHQue7bILXxRMy3rChcLlbsNS4HEi%2FUaATikfE3YWwuF7Fg%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=15d25d3fc6bbd79f8c71f61bbce62d6e4ead58733ab756416d2634a20bc06a3e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Requirements of aggregate for the top layers of the embankment_
| Coefficients | Standards | Unit | Requirement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydraulic conductivity k | PKN-CEN ISO/TS 17892-11[19] | [m/s] | > 6 x 10-5 |
| Coefficient of uniformity, Cu | PN-88/B-04481[16] | - | > 5 |