Figure 1
![The curves of grain composition of the mixtures of 0/31.5 mm with the area of good granulation for subbase (SDV acc. to WT-4 [23]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647377fd4e662f30ba53f761/j_sgem-2018-0014_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPVHRSTK7%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T135224Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAsaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDEbIYz15vcEZzp1G1X1TrA5%2FpLVxunMEgT6s9%2BKQgcIAIgVIpV1u7W2T2UsXehFKN09ioImf03kGhQYPAEzqqz6GkqxAUI1P%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDPfqQBt935pO7wPUxyqYBZPNminVr7rafaG5U80WfPlA9rZqU5hpJWyI6X7rVGqkD5zTnCPeNpPheaEBgiZp8gvQszgCfuOmTn2Y4Abb3mattg4QRO31%2F0L1FKd%2BSODqwA1rzWrI9kA%2BtTL8XGAsFz8Z9B3Djr9WIO7hzNAp9kK%2Be03olvSHFSdTjwRMmo5ps5dFXvygH%2F%2FgrsZ6yMTKidEarRgDbWKiUxTJCD0P8%2F7%2FbeI7kIBCpkz2pUBjqE2LiRoral61u%2BYuV5vSwZEqP6sLI7fcpfBWVOZJRDsduUlO9LoXa2K2vbbsdgEuA%2B89jKl8xl1i7A9ypEevZemejj5jlPV0KRLUK344m%2BWJh%2FiqQKtHcwqd%2F7r24bNPEZTtYm2HEAOj%2BeaRpcHsYCZYU4yH8%2FhrpbIiyDxHhpSWUeWToyoLhPOwkOKLWFTkBk8L6lRTMZwgLR3WKLfmuBmpXRRC0DxNSdN6CUWLVSUt5vdvT4cMUck%2FEj7cV8UCxn3wyzmj38gCogXN1IZou3jgunD64H24k8ZAqXRjgM6y4ZpQKBwyEf49t%2BKbH6gKAJXa9RQNF40na3JBxIvFM25gdjk2OqS1nr8yz4zeT7vFuEqB75Xv53EkslVIdHJp8pc2ozmco5NuusQ4JDnY6fDaqHdSyQ0HbkGb4gAdWgcPXCsFrY29ulRCd%2BXIoURb7kEyfr%2FRfilV6QEXhdtVuUAB%2FYep9vgX8C6JD3A72T36t77maG6jZ4zdJe6nGmW8%2B6wArAmtf0Ib3dTh%2BZR2UeF2Knff7b2%2BL21eNnAu4xXwJVpcw2ybPXyjjG%2BA4z%2FawKacnb28kwv4PHlfp7DLIPLMVItr%2BizyO%2Fx4xoNA1X203GE3dA2iVq%2F1RMB7zSa33%2FxdZL7YAV7KOwcw%2FbnfzQY6sQGU8KxbxnK0LTw9avJPrYkfgxuzN79YckhrttWqjDwVuelvNho0GgTgC1sRqL9qhHt0Y9b7EwCU9%2FrGU0Sjv9HzeAJkEH0tYFnLs12Izd1PLTcWs2zogy7an3mIbZVfJxQPcoyOlAZUns4NUs4zzuxZ%2FlAQ1EMieLelOj03%2Blzy2DM2SAka2QH1Qn9%2FyX3BI3ny6Iia9oauQBgIH8hVvD5TSi%2BfWWejIpw9ICHWuxmJ8PY%3D&X-Amz-Signature=1ce12d2328160d2b0966fd3cbf842fb3df399e88b022cffca66a5fb0ba3498f9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![The curves of grain composition of the mixtures of 0–63 mm with the area of good granulation for subbase (SDV acc. to WT-4 [23]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647377fd4e662f30ba53f761/j_sgem-2018-0014_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPVHRSTK7%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T135224Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAsaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDEbIYz15vcEZzp1G1X1TrA5%2FpLVxunMEgT6s9%2BKQgcIAIgVIpV1u7W2T2UsXehFKN09ioImf03kGhQYPAEzqqz6GkqxAUI1P%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDPfqQBt935pO7wPUxyqYBZPNminVr7rafaG5U80WfPlA9rZqU5hpJWyI6X7rVGqkD5zTnCPeNpPheaEBgiZp8gvQszgCfuOmTn2Y4Abb3mattg4QRO31%2F0L1FKd%2BSODqwA1rzWrI9kA%2BtTL8XGAsFz8Z9B3Djr9WIO7hzNAp9kK%2Be03olvSHFSdTjwRMmo5ps5dFXvygH%2F%2FgrsZ6yMTKidEarRgDbWKiUxTJCD0P8%2F7%2FbeI7kIBCpkz2pUBjqE2LiRoral61u%2BYuV5vSwZEqP6sLI7fcpfBWVOZJRDsduUlO9LoXa2K2vbbsdgEuA%2B89jKl8xl1i7A9ypEevZemejj5jlPV0KRLUK344m%2BWJh%2FiqQKtHcwqd%2F7r24bNPEZTtYm2HEAOj%2BeaRpcHsYCZYU4yH8%2FhrpbIiyDxHhpSWUeWToyoLhPOwkOKLWFTkBk8L6lRTMZwgLR3WKLfmuBmpXRRC0DxNSdN6CUWLVSUt5vdvT4cMUck%2FEj7cV8UCxn3wyzmj38gCogXN1IZou3jgunD64H24k8ZAqXRjgM6y4ZpQKBwyEf49t%2BKbH6gKAJXa9RQNF40na3JBxIvFM25gdjk2OqS1nr8yz4zeT7vFuEqB75Xv53EkslVIdHJp8pc2ozmco5NuusQ4JDnY6fDaqHdSyQ0HbkGb4gAdWgcPXCsFrY29ulRCd%2BXIoURb7kEyfr%2FRfilV6QEXhdtVuUAB%2FYep9vgX8C6JD3A72T36t77maG6jZ4zdJe6nGmW8%2B6wArAmtf0Ib3dTh%2BZR2UeF2Knff7b2%2BL21eNnAu4xXwJVpcw2ybPXyjjG%2BA4z%2FawKacnb28kwv4PHlfp7DLIPLMVItr%2BizyO%2Fx4xoNA1X203GE3dA2iVq%2F1RMB7zSa33%2FxdZL7YAV7KOwcw%2FbnfzQY6sQGU8KxbxnK0LTw9avJPrYkfgxuzN79YckhrttWqjDwVuelvNho0GgTgC1sRqL9qhHt0Y9b7EwCU9%2FrGU0Sjv9HzeAJkEH0tYFnLs12Izd1PLTcWs2zogy7an3mIbZVfJxQPcoyOlAZUns4NUs4zzuxZ%2FlAQ1EMieLelOj03%2Blzy2DM2SAka2QH1Qn9%2FyX3BI3ny6Iia9oauQBgIH8hVvD5TSi%2BfWWejIpw9ICHWuxmJ8PY%3D&X-Amz-Signature=f51a849f421002dd5bc92d2316f6f5dfb2b06c9d5299e122ade7af5a0b5636d8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
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Figure 8
Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for tested samples_
| Type of aggregate | Mine | Mixture of 0/31.5 mm | Mixture of 0/63 mm | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimum moisture content [%] | Maximum dry density [g/cm3] | Optimum moisture content [%] | Maximum dry density [g/cm3] | ||
| dolomite | Dubie | 5.8 | 2.205 | 6.2 | 2.155 |
| Żelatowa | 6.3 | 2.066 | 5.6 | 2.040 | |
| limestone | Czatkowice | 4.4 | 2.190 | 7.1 | 2.240 |
| sandstone | Klęczany | 6.4 | 2.290 | 5.0 | 2.360 |
| Lipowica | 6.8 | 2.280 | 4.8 | 2.390 | |
| basalt | Winna Góra | 6.5 | 2.230 | 3.9 | 2.223 |
| granite | Rogoźnica | 3.1 | 2.080 | 6.5 | 2.052 |
| serpentinite | Nasławice | 4.3 | 1.962 | 4.6 | 2.050 |
| magnesia – serpentinite | Grochów | 6.9 | 2.020 | 7.3 | 1.980 |
Values of CBR ratio for mixtures after compaction and after four days of soaking in water_
| Type of aggregate | Mine | Mixture of 0/31.5 mm | Mixture of 0/63 mm | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBR directly after compaction [%] | CBR after four days of soaking in water [%] | CBR directly after compaction [%] | CBR after four days of soaking in water [%] | ||
| Dolomite | Dubie | 39.6 | 30.9 | 26.0 | 24.1 |
| Żelatowa | 29.5 | 22.7 | 23.2 | 21.0 | |
| Limestone | Czatkowice | 47.0 | 24.8 | 31.2 | 29.6 |
| Sandstone | Klęczany | 37.6 | 34.2 | 43.3 | 36.9 |
| Lipowica | 34.3 | 28.8 | 51.0 | 49.8 | |
| Basalt | Winna Góra | 42.3 | 38.7 | 40.1 | 37.0 |
| Granite | Rogoźnica | 37.7 | 41.5 | 18.1 | 20.1 |
| serpentinite | Nasławice | 51.7 | 40.3 | 59.6 | - |
| magnesia-serpentinite | Grochów | 36.5 | 33.2 | 43.2 | 31.1 |
Ground characteristic according toPN-ISO14688-2:2006[4] indicator_
| Granulation | Uniformity coefficient CU | Coefficient of gradation CC |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple fraction soil | > 15 | 1 – 3 |
| Moderate structure soil | 6 – 15 | < 1 |
| Even grain structure soil | < 6 | < 1 |
| Non-continuous structure soil | High value | Mostly<0.5 |
Average values of mixtures of crushed aggregate properties with granulation of 0/31_5 mm and 0/63 mm_
| Rock material | Mine/deposit/mixture | Uniformity coefficient CU [-] | Coefficient of gradation CC [-] | Water absorption WA24 [%] | Frost resistance, loss of weight F [%] | Flakiness index Fl [%] | Mass fraction of passing 0.063mm f [%] | Sand equivalent SE [-] | Los Angeles coefficients LA [-] | Resistance to wear micro-Deval MDE [-] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test according to | PN-EN ISO 14688-2 [4] | PN-EN 1097-6 [5] | PN-EN 1367-1 [6] | PN-EN 933-3 [8] | PN-EN 933-1 [7] | PN-EN 933-8 [9] | PN-EN 1097-2 [10] | PN-EN 1097-1 [11] | ||
| dolomite | Dubie 0/31.5 | 158.3 | 29.5 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 29.0 | 10.7 | 20.0 | 23 | bd |
| Dubie 0/63 | 22.0 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 22.3 | 4.9 | 39.0 | 24 | bd | |
| Żelatowa 0/31.5 | 250.0 | 14.4 | 4.2 | 0.31 | 30.9 | 10.9 | 17.8 | 30 | 29 | |
| Żelatowa 0/63 | 192.3 | 11.4 | 3.7 | 0.35 | 28.7 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 30 | 30 | |
| limestone | Czatkowice 0/31.5 | 86.7 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 13.0 | 7.6 | 26.4 | 23 | 16.5 |
| Czatkowice0/63 | 50.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 16.0 | 4.8 | 24.6 | 25 | 17 | |
| sandstone | Klęczany 0/31.5 | 96.7 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 17.5 | 10.7 | 22.8 | 24 | 36 |
| Klęczany 0/63,5 | 54.5 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 7.9 | 5.4 | 29.4 | 23 | 40 | |
| Lipowica 0/31.5 | 91.7 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 14.4 | 10.4 | 28.2 | 21 | 32 | |
| Lipowica 0/63 | 93.3 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 13.2 | 6.5 | 27.6 | 21 | 33 | |
| basalt | Winna Góra 0/31.5 | 18.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 49.4 | 4.4 | 50.5 | 15 | 16 |
| Winna Góra 0/63 | 18.7 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 35.0 | 2.4 | 33.7 | 16 | 15 | |
| granite | Rogoźnica 0/31.5 | 60.0 | 8.7 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 15.3 | 3.6 | 35.6 | 33 | 8 |
| Rogoźnica 0/63 | 43.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.09 | 12.9 | 2.7 | 33.7 | 34 | 7 | |
| serpentinite | Nasławice 0/31.5 | 126.3 | 9.6 | 1.8 | 2.75 | 18.4 | 9.4 | 11.1 | 19 | 13 |
| Nasławice 0/63 | 53.3 | 3.9 | 1.8 | 2.42 | 27.5 | 7.0 | 15.6 | 20 | 11 | |
| magnesia-serpentinite | Grochów 0/31.5 | 36.7 | 6.7 | 2.50 | 0.86 | 14.8 | 5.7 | 16.8 | 19 | 25 |
| Grochów 0/63 | 50.0 | 4.1 | 2.33 | 0.64 | 13.0 | 6.1 | 19.4 | 19 | 26 | |