Gods and Idols. Representations and Symbolizations of the Divinity in Religions of Ancient Israel. Aniconism – per visibilia ad invisibilia (IIb /2.1)

Grozea, Lucian

doi:10.2478/saec-2024-0024

Abstract

The present study explores the history and stratified literary formation of the biblical narrative concerning the legendary patriarch Jacob. It also examines a „conceptual invariant”, Bethel, a term linguistically expressed in various idioms, signifying a connection to a shared spirituality, particularly within the Ancient Near Eastern context, characterized by diffusionism and acculturation.

References

Adams, Matthew, J., et alii, 2018-2019, A Betyl with a Decorated Base from the Principia of the Roman VIth Ferrata Legionary Base, Legio, Israel, în, Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology, p. 68-91.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Athas, George, 2003, The Tel Dan Inscription, A Reappraisal and a New Interpretation, Sheffield Academic Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baumgarten, Albert, I., 1981, The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos, Brill.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. 2003. Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period, în n Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, edited by Oded Lipschits and Joseph Blenkinsopp. Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Biran, Avraham, Naveh, Joseph, 1993, An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan, în Israel Exploration Journal, Nr. 2/3, p. 81-98.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blum, Erhard, 2012, The Jacob Tradition, în The Book of Genesis, Composition, Reception, and Interpretation, edited by Craig A. Evans, Joel N. Evans, David L. Peterson, Brill.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cook, Arthur, Bernard, 1940, Zeus. A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume III, Cambridge at the University Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cornelius, Izak, Niehr, Herbert, 2004, Götter und Kulte in Ugarit, Kultur und Religion einer nordsyrischen Königsstadt in der Spätbronzezeit, (Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie), Verlag Phillip von Zabern, Mainz, 2004.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Damascii Vitae Isidori Reliquae, 1967, edidit Clemens Zintzen, Hildesheim.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dalglish, Edward, 1992, Bethel, în The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Volume 1, A-C, p.706-710.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Davidson, John, 1995, Zeus and the Stone Substitute, în Hermes, Nr. 3, p. 363-369.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Davies, Philip, R., 2007, The Origins of Biblical Israel, T&T Clark, New-York.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
De Pury, Albert, 2006, The Jacob Story and the Beginning of the Formation of the Pentateuch, în A Farewell to the Yahwist? Edited by Thomas B. Dozeman, Konrad Schmid, Atlanta.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
De Pury, Albert, 2009, Genèse 12-36, în Introduction à l’Ancien Testament, éd. Thomas Römer et alii, Labor et Fides, Paris.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Durand, Jean-Marie, 2005, Le culte des pierres et les monuments commémoratifs en Syrie amorrite, Florilegium Marianum 8, Société pour l’Étude du Proche-Orient Ancien, NABO, Paris.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Durand Jean-Marie, 2019, Le culte des bétyles dans la documentation cunéiforme d’époque amorrite, în Thomas, Römer, Hervé, Gonzalez, Lionel, Marti, (eds.). Représenter dieux et hommes dans le Proche-Orient ancien et dans la Bible. Leuven, p. 15–37.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eissfeldt, Otto, 1930, Der Gott Bethel, în Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, Leipzig-Berlin, Nr. 28, p. 1-30.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elnes Eric E., Miller, 1999, Patrick D., Elyon, în Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, Edited by Karel van der Toorn, Brill, p. 293-298.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Evans, Arthur, J., 1901, The Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and Its Mediterranean Relations, London.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eusèbe de Césarée, 1974, La Préparation évangélique, Livre I, în Sources chrétiennes, ed. Jean Sirinelli et Édouard de Places, Nr. 206, Paris.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Friedmann, Richard, Elliot, 1989, Who Wrote the Bible?, Harper San Francisco.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fitzmyer, Joseph, A., 1961, The Aramaic Inscription, of Sefire I and II, în Journal of American Oriental Society, vol. 81, No. 3, p. 178-222.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gaifman, Milette, 2008, The Aniconic Image of The Roman Near East, în The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, ed. Ted Kaizer, Brill. p. 37-72.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gamberoni, Johann, 1996, maṣṣēḇāh /מַצֵּבָה, în Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume VIII, Edited by G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringreen, H. J. Fabry, Eerd-mans Publishing.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gnuse, Robert, Karl, 2017, The Elohist, A Seventh-Century Theological Tradition, Oregon.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gunkel, Hermann, 1901, The Legends of Genesis, Chicago, 1901.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gunkel, Hermann, 1997, Genesis, Mercer University Press, Georgia.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gomes, Jules, 2006, The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity, Walter de Gruyter.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hamori, Esther, J., 2008, „When Gods Were Men”: The Embodied God in Biblical and Near Eastern Literature, Walter de Gruyter.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hamori, Esther, J., 2011, Echoes of Gilgamesh in the Jacob Story, în Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 130, Nr. 4, p. 625-642.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hensel, Benedikt, 2021, The History of the Jacob Cycle (Genesis 25-35). Recent Research on the Compilation, the Redaction and the Reception of the Biblical Narrative and Its Historical and Cultural Contexts, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Huehnergard, John, 2012, An Introduction to Ugaritic, Hendrickson Publishers.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hyatt, Philip, J., 1939, The Deity Bethel and the Old Testament, în Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 59, Nr. 1, p. 81-98.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Knauf, Ernest, Axel, 2006, Bethel: The Israelite Impact on Judean Language and Literature, în Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, Edited by Oded Lipschits and Manfred Oeming, Penn State University Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lenormant, François, Baetylia, 1873, în Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Tome I, Paris, p. 642-647.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lipiński, Edward, 2000, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion, Leuven.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lipschits, Oded, Römer, Thomas, Gonzales, Hervé, 2017, The Pre-Priestly Abraham Narratives from Monarchic to Persian Times, în Semitica, 59, p. 261-296.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moore, George, F., 1903, Baetylia, în American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 7, Nr. 2, p. 198-208.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Naʼaaman, Nadav, 2014, The Jacob Story and the Formation of Biblical Israel, în Tel Aviv, Vol. 41, p. 95-125.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Naʼaaman, Nadav, 2019, The Jacob Story: Between Oral and Written Modes, în Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament, Nr. 33.1, Routledge, p. 136-158.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Olmo, Lete, Gregorio, Del, Sanmartin, Joaquin, 2015³, A Dictionary of the Ugaric Language in the Alphabetic Tradition, Parte One, Brill.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pardee, Dennis, 2000, Les textes rituels, Fascicule I, Ras-Shamra-Ougarit XII, Paris.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pardee, Dennis, 2002, Ritual and Cult at Ugarit, SBL, Atlanta.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pausanias, Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903, 10, 24, (http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:10.24.6).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Plinius, 2001, Historia Naturalis, Enciclopedia cunoștințelor din Antichitate, Volumul I, Cosmologia. Geografia, trad. de Ioana Costa și Tudor Dinu, Polirom.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reiner, Erica, 1969³, Treaty of Esarhaddon with Baal of Tyre, în Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Relating to the Old Testament, ed. by James B. Pritcharrd, Princeton University Press, p. 533-534.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ribichini, Sergio, 1999, Baetyl /Βαίτυλος, în Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, Edited by Karel van der Toorn, Brill, p. 157-159.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Römer, 2001, LʼAncien Testament est-il monothéiste? în Emery, G, Gisel P., (eds), Le christianisme est-il un monothéismeI?, Labor et Fides, p. 72-92.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thomas Römer, Finkelstein, Israel, 2014, Comments on the Historical Background of the Jacob Narrative in Genesis, în Zeitschrift für die Altentestamentliche Wissenschaft, 126, Nr. 3, p. 317-338.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sergi, Omer, 2018, Jacob and the Aramaean Identity of Ancient Israel between the Judges and the Prophets, în M. G. Brett, & J. Wöhrle (Eds.), The Politics of the Ancestors: Exegetical and Historical Perspectiveson Genesis 12–36, Mohr Siebeck, p. 283-305.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shinan, Avigdor & Zakovitch, Yair, 2012, From Gods to God, How the Bible Debunked, Suppressed, or Changed Ancient Myths and Legends, University of Nebraska Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sommer, Benjamin, 2009, The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel, Cambridge Univerity Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tavger, Aharon, 2021, „And He Called the Name of that Place Bethel” (Gen 28: 19): Historical-Geography and Archaeology of the Sanctuary of Bethel, în Hensel, B. (ed.), The History of Jacob Cycle (Genesis 25–35): Compilation, the Redaction and the Reception of the Biblical Narrative and Its Historical and Cultural Contexts, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, p. 221-243.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tropper, Josef, Vita, Juan-Pablo, 2004, Der Gott des Hauses. Ugaritisch ʼil bt und hurritisch ʼin tl (n), în Ugarit Forschungen, Vol. 35, p. 673-680.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsumura, David, T., 2019, Is IL a Proper Noun in the Phrase BT IL and in the Ugaritic Pantheon Lists? în Ugaritic Forschungen, Nr. 50, 377-395.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsumura, David, T., 2024, Was There a Cult of El in Ancient Canaan? Essays on Ugaritic Religion and Language, Mohr Siebeck.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wainwright, Gerald, Avery, 1934, Jacobʼs Bethel, în Palestina Exploration Quaterly, Nr. 66.1, p. 32-44.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wellhausen, Julius, 1885, Prolegomena to the History of Israel, Edinburgh.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wilson-Wright, Aren, M., 2019, Bethel and the Persistence of El: Evidence for the Survival of El as an Independent Deity in the Jacob Cycle and 1 Kings 12:25–30, în Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 138, Nr., 4, 705-720.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yang, Inchol, 2022, The Continuity of the Cult at Bethel after Exile, în Religions, 13, 640, p. 1-10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zadok, Ran, 2020, Bethel – an originally North Syrian deity, în Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, Nr. 1, p. 62-69.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Gods and Idols. Representations and Symbolizations of the Divinity in Religions of Ancient Israel. Aniconism – per visibilia ad invisibilia (IIb /2.1)

Abstract

Paradigm

My account