Climate Neutrality Strategies for Peatland Management: Case Study about Peat Extraction Field Repurposing Scenarios in Latvia
References
- Ramsar. Ramsar Information Paper no. 1. [Online]. [Accessed 06.11.2024]. Available: https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/info2007-01-e.pdf
- Tanneberger F. et al. Mires in Europe – Regional Diversity, Condition and Protection. Diversity 2021:13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/d13080381
- United Nations Environment Programme. Global Peatlands Assessment: The State of the World’s Peatlands – Evidence for Action toward the Conservation, Restoration, and Sustainable Management of Peatlands. United Nations Environment Programme, 2022. https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/41222
- Parish F., Sirin A., Charman D., Joosten H., Minayeva T. Assessment on peatlands, biodiversity and climate change.
- Apori S. O., Mcmillan D., Giltrap M., Tian F. Mapping the restoration of degraded peatland as a research area: A scientometric review. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2022:10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.942788
- U. N. Environment. Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas 2024. UNEP – UN Environment Programme. [Online]. [Accessed 25.02.2025]. Available: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-peatland-hotspot-atlas-2024
- Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung & others. Peatland Atlas 2023, Brussels, Sep. 1, 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 19.02.2025]. Available: https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/peatlandatlas2023_web_20230914.pdf
- United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 10.03.2025]. Available: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2024.pdf
- Chapter 4: Land Degradation – Special Report on Climate Change and Land. [Online]. [Accessed 28.02.2025]. Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-4/
- Dommain R., Frolking S., Jeltsch-Thömmes A., Joos F., Couwenberg J., Glaser P. H. A radiative forcing analysis of tropical peatlands before and after their conversion to agricultural plantations. Global Change Biology 2018:24(11):5518–5533. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14400
- O’Driscoll C. et al. National scale assessment of total trihalomethanes in Irish drinking water. Journal of Environmental Management 2018:212:131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.070
- Young D. M., Baird A. J., Morris P. J., Holden J. Simulating the long-term impacts of drainage and restoration on the ecohydrology of peatlands. Water Resources Research 2017:53(8):6510–6522. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019898
- Bhatia P., Cummis C., Brown A., Rich D., Draucker L., Lahd H. Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard. World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development. [Online]. [Accessed 10.03.2025]. Available: https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/Corporate-Value-Chain-Accounting-Reporing-Standard-EReader_041613_0.pdf
- Anshari G. Z. et al. Chapter 1 – Introduction. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013. [Online]. [Accessed 10.03.2025]. Available: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/pdf/Wetlands_separate_files/WS_Chp1_Introduction.pdf
- Rypdal K. et al. Introduction to the 2006 guidelines. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006. [Online]. [Accessed 10.03.2025]. Available: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/1_Volume1/V1_1_Ch1_Introduction.pdf
- Qiu C. et al. A strong mitigation scenario maintains climate neutrality of northern peatlands. One Earth 2022:5(1):86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.12.008
- European Parliament. What is carbon neutrality and how can it be achieved by 2050? Dec. 04, 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 10.03.2025]. Available: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20190926STO62270/what-is-carbon-neutrality-and-how-can-it-be-achieved-by-2050
- Gancone A., Viznere R., Kaleja D., Pubule J., Blumberga D. Towards Climate Neutrality via Sustainable Agriculture in Soil Management. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2022:26(1):535–547. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0041
- Velten E. K. et al. State of EU progress to climate neutrality. Flagship Report, 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 10.03.2025]. Available: https://climateobservatory.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/ECNO_Flagship_Report_2024_online.pdf
- Loisel J., Gallego-Sala A. Ecological resilience of restored peatlands to climate change. Communications Earth & Environment 2022:3(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00547-x
- Sabūnas A. Lithuania’s, Latvia’s and Japan’s Climate Policies. Are we Far from the Ideals of the Paris Agreement? Environmental and Climate Technologies 2024:28(1):760–775. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2024-0059
- Von Sonntag H. Peatlands and the Path to Climate Neutrality. Eurosite. [Online]. [Accessed 10.03.2025]. Available: https://www.eurosite.org/peatlands-and-the-path-to-climate-neutrality/
- Hirschler O., Osterburg B. Peat extraction, trade and use in Europe: a material flow analysis. Mires Peat 2022:28(24):1–27.
- Barbier E. B., Burgess J. C. Economics of Peatlands Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Management. SSRN Electron. J. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4695533
- Par Kūdras ilgtspējīgas izmantošanas pamatnostādnēm 2020.–2030. gadam. (On the Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Peat for 2020–2030). [Online]. [Accessed 11.03.2025]. Available: https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=319013 (In Latvian).
- Eiropas Savienības kohēzijas politikas programmas 2021.–2027. gadam 6.1.1. specifiskā atbalsta mērķa ‘Pārejas uz klimatneitralitāti radīto ekonomisko, sociālo un vides seku mazināšana visvairāk skartajos reģionos’ 6.1.1.1. pasākuma ‘Atteikšanās no kūdras izmantošanas enerģētikā’ pirmās projektu iesniegumu atlases kārtas īstenošanas noteikumi (Implementation rules for the first round of project application selection for measure 6.1.1.1. ‘Abandonment of peat use in energy’ under specific objective 6.1.1. ‘Mitigate the economic, social and environmental consequences of the transition to climate neutrality in the regions most affected’ of the European Union Cohesion Policy Programme 2021–2027). [Online]. [Accessed 11.03.2025]. Available: https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=353524 (In Latvian).
- Par taisnīgas pārkārtošanās teritoriālo plānu (On the territorial just transition plan). [Online]. [Accessed 11.03.2025]. Available: https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=334018 (In Latvian).
- Laflora. Peat for demanding gardeners. [Online]. [Accessed 26.02.2025]. Accessed: Feb. 26, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://laflora.lv/mes/laflora
- Laflora. Facts – Peat for demanding gardeners. [Online]. [Accessed 26.02.2025]. Available: https://laflora.lv/mes/fakti
- Laflora. History – Peat for demanding gardeners. [Online]. [Accessed 26.02.2025]. Available: https://laflora.lv/en/we/history
- Laflora. Wind Parks. Peat for demanding gardeners. [Online]. [Accessed 26.02.2025]. Available: https://laflora.lv/projekti/laflora-veja-parks
- Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines, Geneva, Switzerland., 2006. https://www.ditan.com/static/upload/file/20240419/1713505312117144.pdf
- Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework, Geneva, Switzerland., 2006. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
- Latvijas Lauku konsultāciju un izglītības centrs (Latvian Rural Consulting and Education Center). [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://new.llkc.lv/ (In Latvian).
- Krīgere I., Kalniņa L. Types of recultivation suitable for Latvian conditions. In Priede A., Gancone A. (eds.) Sustainable and Responsible after-use of peat extraction areas. Rīga: Baltijas krasti, 2019.
- Laiks apsekot un kopt jaunaudzes. Latvijas Lauku konsultāciju un izglītības centrs (Time to inspect and care for young stands. Latvian Rural Consulting and Education Center). [Online]. [Accessed 17.03.2025]. Available: https://new.llkc.lv/lv/nozares/mezsaimnieciba/laiks-apsekot-un-kopt-jaunaudzes (In Latvian).
- Peat4Res. Project: Sustainable strategies for the restoration of peat extraction sites. Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment. [Online]. [Accessed 17.03.2025]. Available: https://videszinatne.rtu.lv/zinatne/projekti-un-petijumi/peat4res/ (In Latvian).
- Ross K. Potential for Greenhouse Gas Emission Savings from Paludiculture. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Dec. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.paludiculture.org.uk/post/what-are-the-greenhouse-gasemissions-savings-associated-with-paludiculture
- Schreiber A., Marx J., Zapp P. Comparative life cycle assessment of electricity generation by different wind turbine types. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019:233:561–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.058
- European Commission. Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). [Online]. [Accessed 17.03.2025]. Available: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/tools.html
- Ferrara C., Marmiroli B., Carvalho M. L., Girardi P. Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaic electricity production in Italy: Current scenario and future developments. Science of the Total Environment 2024:948:174846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174846
- Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Assessments of Photovoltaic Systems. Aug. 2020. [Online]. [Accessed 17.03.2025]. Available: https://iea-pvps.org/key-topics/life-cycle-inventories-and-life-cycle-assessments-of-photovoltaic-systems/
- De Vita A. et al., Eds., EU reference scenario 2016. Energy, transport and GHG emissions: trends to 2050. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EU, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2833/9127.
- About PRé. PRé Sustainability. [Online]. [Accessed 02.05.2023]. Available: https://pre-sustainability.com/about/about-pre/
- SimaPro-Tutorial.pdf. [Online]. [Accessed 02.05.2023]. Available: https://simapro.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/SimaPro-Tutorial.pdf
- Bruijn H. et al. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. In Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, no. 7. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48055-7
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
- Interreg Baltic Sea Region. Transitional guideline for the certification of GreenIndustrialAreas. Interreg Baltic Sea Region, Germany, Mar. 2024.
- Archibald A. T., Folberth G., Wade D. C., Scott D. A world avoided: impacts of changes in anthropogenic emissions on the burden and effects of air pollutants in Europe and North America. Faraday Discuss 2017:200:475–500. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7FD00004A
Language: English
Page range: 623 - 640
Submitted on: Apr 29, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 11, 2025
Published on: Oct 8, 2025
Published by: Riga Technical University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2025 Dita Kazmere, Maksims Feofilovs, Francesco Romagnoli, published by Riga Technical University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.