References
- WMO. WMO confirms 2024 as warmest year on record at about 1.55°C above pre-industrial level. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above-pre-industrial-level
- Gibbens S. How global warming is disrupting life on Earth. National Geographic Partners. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-warming-effects
- Behmane E., Pakere I. Mapping of Energy Consumption for Cooling – Assessment of the Cooling Demand Potential for the City of Riga. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2024:28(1):230–242. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2024-0019
- IEA. The Future of Cooling. 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling
- UNEP. Global Cooling Watch 2023 - Keeping it Chill: How to Meet Cooling Demands while Cutting Emissions. Dec. 2023. https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/44243
- Piel E., Mata C. DHC Market Outlook 2024, 2024.
- Inayat A., Raza M. District cooling system via renewable energy sources: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019:107:360–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.023
- IEA. Global air conditioner stock (1990–2050). [Online]. [Accessed 07.04.2025]. Available: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-air-conditioner-stock-1990-2050
- Dai W., Xia W., Li B., Goh H., Zhang Z., Wen F., Ding C. Increase the integration of renewable energy using flexibility of source-network-load-storage in district cooling system. Journal of Cleaner Production 2024:441:140682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140682
- Lepiksaar K., Mašatin V., Krupenski I., Volkova A. Effects of Coupling Combined Heat and Power Production with District Cooling. Energies (Basel) 2023:16(12):4552. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124552
- Huang Z. F., Soh K. Y., Islam M. R., Chua K. J. Development of a novel grid-free district cooling system considering blockchain-based demand response management. Applied Energy 2023:342:121152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121152
- Kirs T., Sukumaran S., Latõšov E., Volkova A. Use of Absorption Heat Pumps to Raise District Cooling Waste Heat Temperature for District Heating Supply in Tallinn: Technical and Economic Analysis. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2024:28(1):409–421. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2024-0032
- Zhang W., Hong W., Jin X. Research on performance and control strategy of multi-cold source district cooling system. Energy 2022:239:122057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122057
- Al Quabeh H., Saab R., Ali M. I. H. Chilled Water Storage Feasibility with District Cooling Chiller in Tropical Environment. Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 2020:8(1):132–144. https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d7.0259
- He J., Guo Z., Li Y. Multi-objective optimization of district cooling systems considering cooling load characteristics. Energy Conversion and Management 2023:281:116823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116823
- Gunasekara S. N., Bilek Z., Edén T., Martin V. Distributed cold storage in district cooling – Grid dynamics and optimal integration for a Swedish case study. Energy Reports 2021:7(S4):419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.086
- Anderson A., Rezaie B., Rosen M. A. An innovative approach to enhance sustainability of a district cooling system by adjusting cold thermal storage and chiller operation. Energy 2021:214:118949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118949
- Majid M. A. A., Nasir M., Waluyo J. Operation and Performance of a Thermal Energy Storage System: A Case Study of Campus Cooling using Cogeneration Plant. Energy Procedia 2012:14:1280–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1089
- Alghool D. M., ElMekkawy T. Y., Haouari M., Elomri A. Optimal design and operation of conventional, solar electric, and solar thermal district cooling systems. Energy Science & Engineering 2022:10(2):324–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1033
- Thakar K., Patel R., Patel G. Techno-economic analysis of district cooling system: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021:313:127812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127812
- Adami G., Figari M. Multi-Parametric Methodology for the Feasibility Assessment of Alternative-Fuelled Ships. Marine Science and Engineering 2024:12(6):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060905
- Hiltunen P., Volkova A., Latõšov E., Lepiksaar K., Syri S. Transition towards university campus carbon neutrality by connecting to city district heating network. Energy Reports 2022:8:9493–9505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.055
- Rämä M., Sokka L., Pursiheimo E., Klobut K., Koponen K. Report on implementation of the planning tool. 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://www.indigo-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/D5.2_ver_03092018.pdf
- Rämä M., Pursiheimo E., Sokka L., Klobut K. New tool for planning district cooling systems. In 13th SDEWES Conference, the Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. https://cris.vtt.fi/ws/portalfiles/portal/26356750/SDEWES18_FP_619.pdf
- Räma M., Sokka L., Pursiheimo E., Klobut K., Koponen K. Indigo Planning Tool Manual. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 07.04.2025]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4436291
- Lo A., Lau B., Cheng V. Challenges of District Cooling System (DCS) Implementation in Hong Kong. In Sustainable Building 2013 Hong Kong Regional Conference, 2013. [Online]. [Accessed 03.04.2025]. Available: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC26576.pdf
- Volkova A., Hlebnikov A., Ledvanov A., Kirs T., Raudsepp U., Latõšov E. District Cooling Network Planning. A Case Study of Tallinn. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 2022:34:63–78. https://doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.7011
- Mugnini A., Coccia G., Polonara F., Arteconi A. Potential of District Cooling Systems: A Case Study on Recovering Cold Energy from Liquefied Natural Gas Vaporization. Energies (Basel) 2019:12(15):3027. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12153027