Lithuania’s, Latvia’s and Japan’s Climate Policies. Are we Far from the Ideals of the Paris Agreement?
By: Audrius Sabūnas
References
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2 - Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C: IPCC Special Report on Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-Industrial Levels in Context of Strengthening Response to Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Cambridge University Press. 2022:93–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.004
- United Nations Treaty Collection. Paris Agreement. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en
- Safarzadeh S., Rasti-Barzoki M., Hejazi S. R. A review of optimal energy policy instruments on industrial energy efficiency programs, rebound effects, and government policies. Energy Policy 2020:139:111342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111342
- Ohta H., Barrett B. F. D. Politics of climate change and energy policy in Japan: Is green transformation likely? Earth System Governance 2023:17:100187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2023.100187
- Sabūnas A. The Developments of Japan’s Climate Policy Since the Paris Agreement: The Progress in a Quest for A Net Zero Target. Journal of Social Sciences 2024:91:23–45.
- Kalniņš S. N., Blumberga D. Application of Evaluation Method to Latvia’s Climate Change Policy. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2009:3(3):74–78.
- Aboltins R., Jaunzems D., Pubule J., Blumberga D. Are Hugs, Carrots and Sticks Essential for Energy Policy: A Study of Latvia’s National Energy and Climate Plan. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2020:24(2):309–324. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0075
- Kalna S., Lauka D., Vaiškūnaitė R., Blumberga D. Blind Spots of Energy Transition Policy – Case Study of Latvia. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2020:24(2):325–336. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0076
- Āboltiņš R., Jaunzems D. Identifying Key Challenges of the National Energy and Climate Plan through Climate Policy Integration Approach. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2021:25(1):1043–1060. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0079
- Kotseva-Tikova M., Dvorak J. Climate Policy and Plans for Recovery in Bulgaria and Lithuania. Romanian Journal of European Affairs 2022:22(2). http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4294988
- METI. Outline of Strategic Energy Plan. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan 2021:13. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/others/basic_plan/pdf/6th_outline.pdf
- Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy – with major processing by Our World in Data. 2024. Primary energy consumption. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/resources-and-data-downloads
- Pētersone K. Energy without Russia. Europa. Country Report Latvia. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/budapest/20519.pdf
- OECD. Reform Options for Lithuanian Climate Neutrality by 2050, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1787/0d570e99-en
- Climate Action Tracker (CAT). Climate Action Tracker Country Assessments. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/
- The Government of Japan. Submission of Japan’s Nationally Determined Contribution. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/JAPAN_FIRST%20NDC%20%28UPDATED%20SUBMISSION%29.pdf
- European Commission. Submission by Spain and the European Commission on behalf of the European Union and its member states. Update of the NDC of the European Union and its Member States. 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ES-2023-09-29%20EU%20Submission%20-%20Art%202.1c%202nd%20SSH%20dialogue.pdf
- Cabinet Secretariat. Wagakuni no gurīnturansufōmēshon jitsugen ni mukete [Realising the GX-Transformation of our country]. Cabinet Secretariat of Japan 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/gx_jikkou_kaigi/dai10/siryou1.pdf
- Ministry for Environmental Protection and Regional Development. Strategy of Latvia for the Achievement of Climate Neutrality by 2050. Informative Report 2019. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Latvia.pdf
- Government of Latvia. National Energy and Climate Action Plan of the Republic of Latvia for 2021-2030. 2024 [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.kem.gov.lv/sites/kem/files/media_file/kemplans_nekp_08072024.pdf
- Government of Lithuania. National Energy and Climate Action Plan of the Republic of Lithuania for 2021–2030. 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://enmin.lrv.lt/public/canonical/1727959588/5212/Galutinis%20atnaujintas%20NEKSVP.pdf
- Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. Resolution approving the national climate change management agenda. 30 June 2021 No XIV-490 Vilnius. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://eseimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/219a2632a6b311ecaf79c2120caf5094?jfwid=-56ckr0gcc
- Global Carbon Budget. Population based on various sources (2023) – with major processing by Our World in Data. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions, 2022 – GCB. 28.10.2024. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions
- World Bank. Population Estimates and Projections. DataBank 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 31.03.2024]. Available: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/population-estimates-and-projections
- Brown S., Jones D. European Electricity Review 2024. Ember. [Online]. [Accessed 31.03.2024]. Available: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/european-electricity-review-2024/
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2024) Nationally Determined Contributions Registry. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://unfccc.int/NDCREG
- Gütschow J., Busch D., Pflüger M. The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750–2023) v2.6. 2024. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13752654
- Eto R., Nakano Y., Morimoto T., Onda N., Iwata T., Ninomiya Y., Shibata Y., Yanagisawa A., Ito K. Economic and Energy Outlook of Japan for FY2024. The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. The 446th Forum on Research Work 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/press/press231220_en.pdf
- Eurostat. Energy imports dependency. Share of fossil fuels in gross available energy. 2022. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy_dashboard/endash.html?geo=LV&year=2022&language=EN&detail=1&nrg_bal=&unit=MTOE&chart=chart_six,chart_seven&modal=0
- Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies. 2022. Share of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in Japan (Preliminary). 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024] Available: https://www.isep.or.jp/en/1436/
- National Institute for Environmental Studies. The GHG Emissions Data of Japan (1990–2022). 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.nies.go.jp/gio/en/archive/ghgdata/index.html
- Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Summary of the 2024 greenhouse gas inventory. (Kopsavilkums par 2024.gada siltumnīcefekta gāzu inventarizāciju). Riga, 2024. In Latvian.
- The Environmental Protection Agency, Lithuania. Amount of greenhouse gases in Lithuania in 2021 and trends 1990–2022. (Šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų kiekis Lietuvoje 2021 m. ir tendencijos) 1990–2022 m.). 2024. In Lithuanian.
- IEA. Lithuania 2021 Energy Policy Review, IEA Energy Policy Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1787/db346bb1-en
- Ritchie H., Rosado P. Electricity Mix. Ember Electricity Data Explorer. 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024] Available: https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/
- Kanekiyo K. Japan Energy Brief, no. 7. The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan 2010. [Online]. [Accessed 31.03.2024]. Available: https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/jeb/1005.pdf
- The Parliament of Lithuania. National Energy Independence Strategy (Nacionalinė energetinės nepriklausomybės strategija). 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.429490/asr. In Lithuanian.
- Climate Analytics. 1.5 °C National Pathways Explorer. 2022. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://1p5ndc-pathways.climateanalytics.org/
- Mateo-Márquez A. J., González-González J. M., Zamora-Ramírez C. An international empirical study of greenwashing and voluntary carbon disclosure. Journal of Cleaner Production 2022:363:132567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132567
- Karčiauskas J. Lithuania political briefing: New Energy Strategy: Aiming for Green and Self-Sufficient Electricity and Heat Production. China-CEE Institute 2023:66(1).
- Climate Watch – with major processing by Our World in Data. 2024. Energy. Climate Watch, Greenhouse gas emissions by sector. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/JPN?end_year=2021&start_year=1990
- Roberts L., Hakko H., Mulholland Y., Petersen K., Fenning C., Littlecott C. Challenging Japan’s promotion of ammonia co-firing for coal power generation. 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.e3g.org/publications/challenging-japan-s-promotion-of-ammonia-co-firing-for-coal-power-generation/
- Otsuki T., Shibata Y., Matsuo Y., Obane H., Morimoto S. Role of carbon dioxide capture and storage in energy systems for net-zero emissions in Japan. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2024:132:104065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104065
- Schlissel D., Juhn A. Blue Hydrogen: Not Clean, Not Low Carbon, Not a Solution. Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis 2023:1–31.
- IEA. Tracking Clean Energy Progress, IEA, Paris. 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023.
- IMF. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 28.10.2024]. Available: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=158,941,946,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1
- Mathieu E., Ritchie, H., Rodés-Guirao L., Appel C., Giattino Ch., Hasell J., Macdonald B., Dattani S., Beltekian D., Ortiz-Ospina E., Roser M. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). 2024. Our World in Data.
- OECD. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Lithuania 2021, OECD Environmental Performance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1787/48d82b17-en
- OECD. Environmental impact of COVID-19 recovery measures by country. 2023.
- IEA. Renewables 2023. IEA, Paris. [Online]. [Accessed 31.03.2024]. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2023
Language: English
Submitted on: Apr 8, 2024
Accepted on: Nov 12, 2024
Published on: Dec 3, 2024
Published by: Riga Technical University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2024 Audrius Sabūnas, published by Riga Technical University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.