Do economic complexity and energy consumption affect environmental performance? Evidence based on the LCC hypothesis in the Türkiye economy

Variables	Abbreviation	Measurement Unit		Source
Load Capacity Factor	lnLCF	Biocapacity/ecological footprint (per capita in gha)		Global Footprint Network
Economic Growth	lnGDP	GDP per capita, constant 2015 US$		World Bank
Economic Growth Squared	lnGDP²	Quadratic form of economic growth		Calculated by the authors.
Economic Complexity Index	lnECI	Index value between −2.5 and +2.5		Atlas of Economic Complexity
Energy Consumption	lnEU	Primary energy consumption per capita (kWh/person)		International Energy Agency
Descriptive Statistics
	lnLCF	lnGDP	lnGDP²	lnECI	lnEU
Mean	−0.620	9.067	82.302	0.183	7.244
Median	−0.658	9.036	81.642	0.199	7.265
Maximum	−0.365	9.597	92.093	0.378	7.547
Minimum	−0.828	8.620	74.306	−0.020	6.906
Std. Dev.	0.158	0.304	5.525	0.104	0.207
Skewness	0.216	0.136	0.169	−0.259	−0.044
Kurtosis	1.481	1.689	1.708	2.273	1.572
Jarque-Bera	3.013	2.165	2.157	0.962	2.474
Probability	0.222	0.339	0.340	0.618	0.290
Observations	29	29	29	29	29

Fourier ADF and Standard ADF unit root test results

Notes:

*** p<0.01,

** p<0.05,

* p<0.1.

Critical values for the F-statistic: 1% (10.35), 5%(7.58), 10% (6.35).

FADL Cointegration Test Results

Dep. var.	Indep. var.	k	Min_AIC	Fourier ADL test statistic
lnLCF	lnGDP, lnGDP², lnECI, lnEU	4	−4.454	−6.137***

Notes:

*** p<0.01,

** p<0.05,

* p<0.1.

Critical values Fourier ADL: 1% (−4.75), 5% (−4.03), 10% (−3.65).

Long-Term Estimator Results

Dep. Var. : lnLCF	FMOLS	DOLS	CCR
lnGDP	−3.278 (0.002)***	−2.875 (0.030)**	−3.097 (0.014)**
lnGDP²	0.177 (0.002)***	0.155 (0.024)**	0.170 (0.011)**
lnECI	−0.135 (0.004)***	−0.151 (0.011)**	−0.132 (0.020)**
lnEU	−0.838 (0.000)***	−0.824 (0.000)***	−0.914 (0.000)***
C	20.488 (0.000)***	18.559 (0.000)***	19.994 (0.000)***
SIN	0.008 (0.031)**	0.008 (0.114)	0.008 (0.057)*
COS	−0.001 (0.743)	−0.001 (0.762)	−0.001 (0.998)
ECT_t−1	−0.839 (0.000)***	−0.816 (0.000)***	−0.829 (0.000)***