Figure 1.
Conceptual model of tourism gambling development through social fields theory (Source: authors’ work, 2020).
Table 1.
DEX model tree; attributes, scales and a short description of attributes.
| Attribute | Scale | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Tourism gambling development | insufficiently developed; mostly developed; fully developed | Current tourism gambling development |
| ⊢Positive impacts of tourism gambling | low; medium; high | Outcomes of economic activity showing more economic benefits than social costs |
| | ⊢Economic impacts | low; medium; high | Gross Gambling Income per capita in the country |
| | ∟Level of social costs | low; medium; high | Percentage of problem gamblers |
| ⊢Existence of tourism gambling | weak; partial; strong | Existence of venues where gambling tourism is possible. |
| ⊢Internal governance units | low; moderate; strong | Mechanisms of legal organisation of gambling in country |
| | ∟Legislation (taxation and monopolies) and prevention and care | low; moderate; strong | Legislation in the form of high taxation and state monopolies. Organisation of prevention and care system for gambling problems. |
| ∟Social factors | low; moderate; strong | Social skills to participate in gambling activity and cognitive frames |
| ⊢Social skills | low; moderate; strong | Participation in gambling activity by people |
| ∟Cognitive frames | low; moderate; strong | Beliefs and habits people use to operate in everyday situations |
Table 2.
DEX model and evaluation of ten cases
| Attribute | Great Britain | Germany | Finland | Sweden | Slovenia | France | Italy | Nederland | Spain | Norway |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tourism gambling development | insufficiently developed | insufficiently developed | fully developed | fully developed | fully developed | insufficiently developed | mostly developed | insufficiently developed | fully developed | fully developed |
| ⊢Positive impacts of tourism gambling | low | low | high | high | high | low | high | low | high | high |
| | ⊢Economic impacts | low | low | medium | medium | medium | low | high | low | high | high |
| | ∟Level of social costs | low | low | high | high | high | medium | high | low | low | low |
| ⊢Existence of tourism gambling | partial | weak | weak | weak | strong | partial | weak | partial | partial | weak |
| ⊢Internal governance units | strong | strong | strong | strong | strong | strong | low | strong | strong | strong |
| | ∟Legislation (taxation and monopolies) and prevention and care | strong | strong | strong | strong | strong | strong | low | strong | strong | strong |
| ∟Social factors | strong | moderate | moderate | strong | low | low | moderate | strong | strong | strong |
| ⊢Social skills | strong | moderate | strong | strong | low | low | moderate | strong | strong | strong |
| ∟Cognitive frames | moderate | low | low | moderate | moderate | moderate | * | moderate | strong | strong |
Figure 2.
Utility functions of the attribute Positive impacts of tourism gambling (Source: authors’ calculation 2020).
Figure 3.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Great Britain (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 4.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Germany (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 5.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Finland (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 6.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Sweden (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 7.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Slovenia (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 8.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in France (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 9.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Italy (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 10.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Nederland (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure 11.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Spain (Source: authors’ calculation 2020).
Figure 12.
Graphical presentation of the selected attributes for gambling tourism development in Norway (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure A1.
The utility function of the aggregated attribute Positive impacts of tourism gambling (Source: authors’ calculation 2020).
Figure A2.
The utility function of the aggregated attribute Internal governance units (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure A3.
The utility function of the aggregated attribute Economy and economics (Source: authors calculation 2020).
Figure A4.
Utility function of the aggregated main attribute Tourism gambling development (Source: authors calculation 2020).