References
- 1. Balcı O, Çapar M. Vaginal enfeksiyonlar. Turk J Obstet Gynecol Der Derg 2005;2(5):14-20.
- 2. Gonçalves B, Ferreira C, Alves CT, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Silva S. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 42(6):905-27. DOI: 10.3109/1040841X.2015.109180510.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805
- 3. Bostănaru A, Roșca I, Minea B, Năstasă V, Foia L, Marincu I, et al. Genotype comparison of Candida albicans isolates from different clinical samples. Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator 2019; 27(3). 327-32. DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2019-002710.2478/rrlm-2019-0027
- 4. Beigi RH, Meyn LA, Moore DM, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Vaginal yeast colonization in nonpregnant women: a longitudinal study. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104(5):926-30. DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000140687.51048.7310.1097/01.AOG.0000140687.51048.73
- 5. Rodrigues CF, Silva S, Henriques M. Candida glabrata: a review of its features and resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;33(5):673-88. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2009-310.1007/s10096-013-2009-3
- 6. Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B. Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003;67(3):400-28. DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.67.3.400-428.200310.1128/MMBR.67.3.400-428.2003
- 7. Nagashima M, Yamagishi Y, Mikamo H. Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species isolated from the patients with vaginal candidiasis. J Infect Chemother 2016;22(2):124-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.08.00810.1016/j.jiac.2015.08.008
- 8. Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet 2007;369(9577):1961-71. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-910.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9
- 9. Apalata T, Longo-Mbenza B, Sturm A, Carr W, Mood-ley P. Factors associated with symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis: a study among women attending a primary healthcare clinic in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014;4(3):410-6. DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.13347010.4103/2141-9248.133470407174324971218
- 10. Amouri I, Sellami H, Borji N, Abbes S, Sellami A, Cheikhrouhou F, et al. Epidemiological survey of vulvovaginal candidosis in Sfax, Tunisia. Mycoses 2011;54(5):e499-e505. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01965.x10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01965.x21039942
- 11. Romeo O, Criseo G. Candida africana and its closest relatives. Mycoses 2011;54:475-86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01939.x10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01939.x20667001
- 12. Marot-Leblond A, Nail-Billaud S, Pilon F, Beucher B, Poulain D, Robert R. Efficient diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis by use of a new rapid immunochromatography test. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47(12):3821-5. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01168-0910.1128/JCM.01168-09278662819794036
- 13. Staib F. Serum-proteins as nitrogen source for yeast-like fungi. J Med Vet Mycol 1966;4(3):187-93. DOI: 10.1080/0036217668519042110.1080/003621766851904215873694
- 14. Gültekin B, Eyigör M, Tiryaki Y, Kırdar S, Aydın N. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen Candida suşlarında antifungal duyarlılığın ve bazı virülans faktörlerinin araştırılması ve RAPD-PCR ile genotiplendirilmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2011;45(2):306-17.
- 15. Price MF, Wilkinson ID, Gentry LO. Plate method for detection of phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol 1982;20(1):7-14. DOI: 10.1080/0036217828538003110.1080/003621782853800317038928
- 16. Yenişehirli G, Bulut Y, Tuncoglu E. Phospholipase, proteinase and hemolytic activities of Candida albicans isolates obtained from clinical specimens. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010;44(1):71-7.
- 17. Luo G, Samaranayake LP, Yau JY. Candida species exhibit differential in vitro hemolytic activities. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(8):2971-4. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.8.2971-2974.200110.1128/JCM.39.8.2971-2974.20018827211474025
- 18. Branchini M, Pfaller M, Rhine-Chalberg J, Frempong T, Isenberg H. Genotypic variation and slime production among blood and catheter isolates of Candida parapsilosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32(2):452-6. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.32.2.452-456.199410.1128/jcm.32.2.452-456.19942630528150956
- 19. Wayne P. Reference method for brothdilution anti¬-fungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 3rd ed. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; (Approved standard. M27-S3). Allured Publishing Corporation: Carol Stream, IL, USA; 2008.
- 20. Wayne P. Reference method for broth dilution anti¬fungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; fourth informational supplement. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; (Document M27-S4). Allured Publishing Corporation: Carol Stream, IL, USA; 2012.
- 21. Pfaller M, Espinel-Ingroff A, Boyken L, Hollis R, Kroeger J, Messer S, et al. Comparison of the broth microdilution (BMD) method of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing with the 24-hour CLSI BMD method for testing susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole by use of epidemiological cutoff values. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49(3):845-50. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02441-1010.1128/JCM.02441-10306772221227994
- 22. Alfouzan W, Dhar R, Ashkanani H, Gupta M, Rachel C, Khan ZU. Species spectrum and antifungal susceptibility profile of vaginal isolates of Candida in Kuwait. J Mycol Med 2015;25(1):23-8 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.02110.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.02125534676
- 23. Mtibaa L, Fakhfakh N, Kallel A, Belhadj S, Salah NB, Bada N, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Etiology, symptomatology and risk factors. J Mycol Med 2017;27(2):153-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.01.00310.1016/j.mycmed.2017.01.00328314677
- 24. Maraki S, Mavromanolaki VE, Stafylaki D, Nioti E, Hamilos G, Kasimati A. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida isolates from Greek women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycoses 2019;62(8):692-7. DOI: 10.1111/myc.1294610.1111/myc.1294631132175
- 25. Makanjuola O, Bongomin F, Fayemiwo SA. An update on the roles of non-albicans Candida species in vulvovaginitis. JFOUCU 2018;4(4):121. DOI: 10.3390/jof404012110.3390/jof4040121630905030384449
- 26. Siddiqui R. Clinical patterns and risk factors of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age attending a tertiary hospital in central India. Stamford J Microbiol 2019;9(1):27-31. DOI: 10.3329/sjm. v9i1.45655
- 27. Narayankhedkar A, Hodiwala A, Mane A. Clinicoetio-logical characterization of infectious vaginitis amongst women of reproductive age group from Navi Mumbai, India. J Sex Transm Dis 2015;2015:817092. DOI: 10.1155/2015/81709210.1155/2015/817092455332126351613
- 28. Altayyar IA, Alsanosi AS, Osman NA. Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant women attending different gynecological clinic at South Libya. Eur J Exp Biol 2016;6(3):25-9.
- 29. Guzel AB, Ilkit M, Akar T, Burgut R, Demir SC. Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the value of chromID Candida agar versus CHROMagar Candida for recovery and presumptive identification of vaginal yeast species. Med Mycol 2011;49(1):16-25. DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.49797210.3109/13693786.2010.49797220608776
- 30. Guzel AB, Ilkit M, Burgut R, Urunsak IF, Ozgunen FT. An evaluation of risk factors in pregnant women with Candida vaginitis and the diagnostic value of simultaneous vaginal and rectal sampling. Mycopathologia 2011;172(1):25-36. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9392-z10.1007/s11046-011-9392-z21293929
- 31. Güzel AB, Aydın M, Meral M, Kalkancı A, Ilkit M. Clinical characteristics of Turkish women with Candida krusei vaginitis and antifungal susceptibility of the C. krusei isolates. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013;2013:698736. DOI: 10.1155/2013/69873610.1155/2013/698736387435224396265
- 32. Yamamoto T, Nohara K, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Purification and characterization of secretory proteinase of Candida albicans. Microbiol Immunol 1992;36(6):637-41. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02064.x10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02064.x1522813
- 33. Fotedar R, Al-Hedaithy S. Comparison of phospholipase and proteinase activity in Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis. Mycoses 2005;48(1):62-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01057.x10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01057.x15679669
- 34. Udayalaxmi SJ, D’Souza D. Comparison between virulence factors of Candida albicans and non-albicans species of Candida isolated from genitourinary tract. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8(11):15-7.
- 35. Morschhäuser J. Regulation of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans. Med Microbiol Immunol 2010;199(3):165-72. DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0147-010.1007/s00430-010-0147-020390300
- 36. Dabiri S, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Comparative analysis of proteinase, phospholipase, hydrophobicity and biofilm forming ability in Candida species isolated from clinical specimens. J Mycol Med 2018;28(3):437-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.00910.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.00929778633
- 37. Seneviratne CJ, Rajan S, Wong SS, Tsang DN, Lai CK, Samaranayake LP, et al. Antifungal susceptibility in serum and virulence determinants of Candida bloodstream isolates from Hong Kong. Front Microbiol 2016;7:216. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.0021610.3389/fmicb.2016.00216476789226955369
- 38. Kalkanci A, Güzel A, Jabban I, Aydin M, Ilkit M, Kuştimur S. Candida vaginitis in non-pregnant patients: a study of antifungal susceptibility testing and virulence factors. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013;33(4):378-83. DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.76732310.3109/01443615.2013.76732323654320
- 39. Gamarra S, Morano S, Dudiuk C, Mancilla E, Nardin ME, de los Angeles Méndez E, et al. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of yeasts causing vulvovaginitis in a teaching hospital. Mycopathologia 2014;178(3-4):251-8. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9780-210.1007/s11046-014-9780-225005365
- 40. Subramanya SH, Baral BP, Sharan NK, Nayak N, Metok Y, Sathian B, et al. Antifungal susceptibility and phenotypic virulence markers of Candida species isolated from Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2017;10(1):543. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2852-x10.1186/s13104-017-2852-x566900429096684
- 41. Morris AJ, Rogers K, McKinney WP, Roberts SA, Freeman JT. Antifungal susceptibility testing results of New Zealand yeast isolates, 2001-2015: Impact of recent CLSI breakpoints and epidemiological cut-off values for Candida and other yeast species. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018;14:72-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.01410.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.01429486358
- 42. Chong PP, Hadi SRA, Lee YL, Phan CL, Tan BC, Ng KP, et al. Genotyping and drug resistance profile of Candida spp. in recurrent and one-off vaginitis, and high association of non-albicans species with non-pregnant status. Infect Genet Evol 2007;7(4):449-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.01.00410.1016/j.meegid.2007.01.00417324639
- 43. Donders GG, Mertens I, Bellen G, Pelckmans S. Self-elimination of risk factors for recurrent vaginal candidosis. Mycoses. 54(1):39-45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01754.x10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01754.x19780979
- 44. Pesewu GA, Feglo PK, Boateng RK, Fayemiwo SA. Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Isolates from Women with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Ghana - A Review of Laboratory Reports. Research Square; 2020. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-33278/v110.21203/rs.3.rs-33278/v1
- 45. Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, McCarthy DI, Wiederhold NP. Impact of new antifungal breakpoints on antifungal resistance in Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52(3):994-7. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03044-1310.1128/JCM.03044-13395779224403302
- 46. Arikan-Akdagli S, Gülmez D, Doğan Ö, Çerikçioğlu N, Dereli MD, Birinci A, et al. First multicentre report of in vitro resistance rates in candidaemia isolates in Turkey. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019;18:230-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.04.00310.1016/j.jgar.2019.04.00330980958
- 47. Mahmoudabadi AZ, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ghanavati F. The susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolated from urine samples to posaconazole and caspofungin. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015;8(3):e24298. DOI: 10.5812/jjm.2429810.5812/jjm.24298438607725861442
- 48. Etiz P, Kibar F, Ekenoğlu Y, Yaman A. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen Candida türlerinin dağılımının ve anti-fungal duyarlılıklarının retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi. Ankem Derg 2015;29(3):105-13.
- 49. Pfaller MA, Castanheira M, Messer SA, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Echinocandin and triazole antifungal susceptibility profiles for Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus: application of new CLSI clinical breakpoints and epidemiologic cutoff values to characterize resistance in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2009). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;69(1):45-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.08.01310.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.08.01321146713