References
- 1. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013 Feb;41(2):580-637. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af
- 2. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(7):1303-10. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200107000-0000210.1097/00003246-200107000-00002
- 3. Kruger P, Venkatesh B. Are There any Benefits from Statin Treatment for the Septic Patient? Curr Athero scler Rep. 2014 Jan;16(1):378. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0378-910.1007/s11883-013-0378-9
- 4. Terblanche M, Almog Y, Rosenson R. Statins and sepsis: multiple modifications at multiple levels. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(May):358-68. DOI: 10.1016/ S1473-3099(07)70111-110.1016/S1473-3099(07)70111-1
- 5. Liao J, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 Jan;45:89-118. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.09574810.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095748269458015822172
- 6. Radigan KA, Urich D, Misharin A V, Chiarella SE, Soberanes S, Gonzalez A, et al. The effect of rosuvastatin in a murine model of influenza A infection. PLoS One. 2012 Jan;7(4):1-10. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0035788
- 7. Araújo-Filho I, Jácome DT, Rêgo ACM, Azevedo IM, Egito EST, Medeiros AC. Effect of the simvastatin in abdominal sepsis of diabetic rats. [Efeito da sinvastatina na sepse abdominal de ratos diabéticos]. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2010 Feb;37(1):39-44. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-6991201000010000910.1590/S0100-6991201000010000920414574
- 8. Almeida JL, Sampietre SN, Mendonça Coelho AM, Trindade Molan NA, Machado MCC, Monteiro da Cunha JE, et al. Statin pretreatment in experimental acute pancreatitis. J Pancreas. 2008 Jan;9(4):431-9.
- 9. Alvarez de Sotomayor M, Vega S, Mingorance C, Marhuenda E, Herrera MD. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition by simvastatin on vascular dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Pharmacology. 2008 Jan;82(2):89-96. DOI: 10.1159/00013562910.1159/00013562918509252
- 10. Hinz J, Gehoff P, Schotola H, Hosseini MT, Didilis VN, Jebran AF, et al. Hemodynamic effects of peri-operative statin therapy in on-pump cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Jan;7:39. DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-7-3910.1186/1749-8090-7-39339884222533985
- 11. Al Harbi SA, Tamim HM, Arabi YM. Association between statin therapy and outcomes in critically ill patients: a nested cohort study. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2011;11(12):1-7.10.1186/1472-6904-11-12319976921819615
- 12. Christensen S, Thomsen RW, Johansen MB, Pedersen L, Jensen R, Larsen KM, et al. Preadmission statin use and one-year mortality among patients in intensive care - a cohort study. Crit Care. 2010 Jan;14(2):R29. DOI: 10.1186/cc890210.1186/cc8902288713120214779
- 13. Khan A, Yeung D, Wyatt B, Rafai T, Byant J, Coates A, et al. Effects of statins on postoperative sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and mortality after colorectal surgery. Crit Care. 2009;13(Suppl 4):P47. DOI: 10.1186/cc810310.1186/cc8103
- 14. Thomsen RW, Hundborg HH, Johnsen SP, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT, Schønheyder HC, et al. Statin use and mortality within 180 days after bacteremia: a population-based cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2006 Apr;34(4):1080-6. DOI: 10.1097/01. CCM.0000207345.92928.E410.1097/01
- 15. McAuley DF, Laffey JG, O’Kane CM, Cross M, Perkins GD, Murphy L, et al. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition with simvastatin in acute lung injury to reduce pulmonary dysfunction (HARP-2) trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012 Jan;13(1):170. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-17010.1186/1745-6215-13-170354331622985805
- 16. Novack V, Eisinger M, Frenkel A, Terblanche M, Adhikari NKJ, Douvdevani A, et al. The effects of statin therapy on inflammatory cytokines in patients with bacterial infections: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Jul;35(7):1255-60. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1429-010.1007/s00134-009-1429-019205663
- 17. Kruger PS, Harward ML, Jones M a, Joyce CJ, Kostner KM, Roberts MS, et al. Continuation of statin therapy in patients with presumed infection: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 15;183(6):774-81. DOI: 10.1164/rccm. 201006-0955OC
- 18. Patel JM, Snaith C, Thickett DR, Linhartova L, Melody T, Hawkey P, et al. Randomized double-blind placebo- controlled trial of 40 mg/day of atorvastatin in reducing the severity of sepsis in ward patients (ASEPSIS Trial). Crit Care. 2012 Dec 11;16(6):R231. DOI: 10.1186/cc1189510.1186/cc11895367262023232151
- 19. Kruger P, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cooper DJ, Harward M, Higgins A, et al. A multicenter randomized trial of atorvastatin therapy in intensive care patients with severe sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Apr;187(7):743-50. DOI: 10.1164/rccm. 201209-1718OC
- 20. Craig TR, Duffy MJ, Shyamsundar M, McDowell C, O’Kane CM, Elborn JS, et al. A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutaryl- coenzyme a reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP Study). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 1;183(5):620-6. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0423OC10.1164/rccm.201003-0423OC20870757
- 21. Woerndle RH, Maxwell DL. Statins and sepsis: good bullet, disappearing target. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008 Sep;108(9):486-90.
- 22. O’Kane C. Statins and Sepsis: Potential Benefit but More Unanswered Questions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:672-5. DOI: 10.1164/rccm. 201212-2305ED
- 23. JR JCMS. Can statins improve outcome in colorectal surgery? Part I. J Coloproctology (Rio Janeiro). 2012;334-8.10.1590/S2237-93632012000300022
- 24. Gao F, Linhartova L, Johnston AM, Thickett DR. Statins and sepsis. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Mar 1;100(3):288-98. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aem40610.1093/bja/aem40618276651
- 25. Toscano MG, Ganea D, Gamero AM. Cecal ligation puncture procedure. J Vis Exp. 2011 Jan;(51):1-5.10.3791/2860333984321587163
- 26. Hubbard WJ, Choudhry M, Schwacha MG, Kerby JD, Rue LW, Bland KI, et al. Cecal ligation and puncture. Shock. 2005 Dec;24 Suppl 1:52-7. DOI: 10.1097/01. shk.0000191414.94461.7e10.1097/01
- 27. Wichterman KA, Baue AE, Chaudry IH. Sepsis and septic shock--a review of laboratory models and a proposal. J Surg Res. 1980 Aug;29(2):189-201. DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(80)90037-210.1016/0022-4804(80)90037-2
- 28. Jekarl DW, Lee S-Y, Lee J, Park Y-J, Kim Y, Park JH, et al. Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker and IL-6 as a prognostic marker for sepsis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013 Feb 4;75(4):342-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio. 2012.12.011
- 29. Lee H. Procalcitonin as a biomarker of infectious diseases. Korean J Intern Med. 2013 May;28(3):285-91. DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2013.28.3.28510.3904/kjim.2013.28.3.285365412323682219
- 30. Faix JD. Biomarkers of Sepsis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2013;50(1):23-36. DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.76449010.3109/10408363.2013.764490361396223480440
- 31. European Union. Directive 2010/63/EU Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Off J Eur Union. 2010;33-79.
- 32. University of California. Guidelines for Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. 2012. p. 1-5.
- 33. Merx MW, Liehn E a, Janssens U, Lütticken R, Schrader J, Hanrath P, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin profoundly improves survival in a murine model of sepsis. Circulation. 2004 Jun 1;109(21):2560 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000129774.09737.5B10.1161/01.CIR.0000129774.09737.5B15123521
- 34. French E, Vandewoude S, Granowski J, Maul D. Assessment of pain in laboratory animals. Contemp Top. 2000;39(85).
- 35. Leach M. Pain assessment in laboratory animals using behaviour and facial expressions. 2011.
- 36. Sotocinal SG, Sorge RE, Zaloum A, Tuttle AH, Martin LJ, Wieskopf JS, et al. The Rat Grimace Scale: a partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions. Mol Pain. 2011 Jan;7(1):55. DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-5510.1186/1744-8069-7-55316360221801409
- 37. Giusti-Paiva A, Martinez MR, Felix JVC, da Rocha MJA, Carnio EC, Elias LLK, et al. Simvastatin decreases nitric oxide overproduction and reverts the impaired vascular responsiveness induced by endotoxic shock in rats. Shock. 2004 Mar;2 (3):271-5. DOI: 10.1097/10. shk.0000115756.74059.ce
- 38. Leary S, Underwood W, Anthony R, Cartner S. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition [Internet]. 2013.
- 39. Hernandez TL, Capell WH, Wolfe P, Gerard LA, Eckel RH. Time course of C-reactive protein reduction with simvastatin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Dec 15;98(12):1656-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.07.04710.1016/j.amjcard.2006.07.04717145229
- 40. Plenge JK, Hernandez TL, Weil KM, Poirier P, Grunwald GK, Marcovina SM, et al. Simvastatin lowers C-reactive protein within 14 days: an effect independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction. Circulation. 2002 Oct 17;106(12):1447-52. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000029743.68247.3110.1161/01.CIR.0000029743.68247.31
- 41. Yende S, Milbrandt E, Kellum J. Understanding the potential role of statins in pneumonia and sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(8):1871-8. DOI: 10.1097/ CCM.0b013e31821b8290 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821b8290313980421516038