Review of Studies on Corrosion of Steel by CO2, Focussed on the Behaviour of API Steel in Geological CO2 Storage Environment

Wilmer Emilio García Moreno; Gabriela Gonçalves Dias Ponzi; Ângelo Abel Machado Pereira Henrique; Jairo José de Oliveira Andrade

doi:10.2478/rmzmag-2019-0017

Figures & Tables

Corrosion rate against time on a linear scale.

Corrosion rate against time on a semi-log scale.

Stabilised corrosion rates for different kinds of steels in the CO2 vapour phase.

Stabilised corrosion rates for different kinds of steels in the CO2 supercritical phase.

Effect of chromium content in steels, for each CO2 phase.

Effect of chromium and nickel content in steels, for each CO2 phase.

Effect of chromium, nickel and molybdenum content in steels, for each CO2 phase.

j_rmzmag-2019-0017_tab_008_w2aab3b8c20b1b7b1ab1b2b2b6Aa

y=0.0088+4533time(2x0time3)e−time−x03$y=0.0088+\frac{45}{3}\sqrt{\frac{3}{\text{time}}}\left( \frac{2\sqrt{{{x}_{0}}\text{time}}}{3} \right){{e}^{\frac{-\text{time}-{{x}_{0}}}{3}}}$	(1): Better curve fit

y=0.0088+6.8e−time4.5$y=0.0088+6.8{{e}^{-\frac{\text{time}}{4.5}}}$	(2): The best simplified curve approximation

Corrosion rates [37]_

P (bar)	NaCl (%)	Rate (mm/yr)
		CQ1	CQ2
1.0	2	0.56	0.49

	3	0.45	0.52

	5	8.89	0.29

3.0	2	1.29	0.71

	3	1.26	0.80

	5	1.13	0.82

6.5	2	1.66	1.11

	3	1.57	0.96

	5	1.61	0.92

Corrosion rates [36]_

T (°C)	P_H2S (MPa)	P_CO2 (MPa)	Cl^– (g/l)	S (%)	H₂O (%)	Rate (mm/yr)
60	0.1	0.5	0.13	2	30	1.56

90	0.1	0.5	0.13	2	30	1.06

150	0.1	0.5	0.13	2	30	1.39

60	0.1	0.5	0.13	4	30	1.47

90	0.1	0.5	0.13	4	30	0.78

150	0.1	0.5	0.13	4	30	2.08

60	0.1	0.5	0.13	2	60	1.15

90	0.1	0.5	0.13	2	60	0.94

150	0.1	0.5	0.13	2	60	0.98

60	0.1	0.5	0.13	4	60	1.10

90	0.1	0.5	0.13	4	60	0.68

150	0.1	0.5	0.13	4	60	1.00

Classification of corrosion rates by steels_

Category	Steels in CO₂ vapour phase	Steels in CO₂ supercritical phase
	P110, 13Cr, Q125, 3Cr, N80, J55, 1Cr, K55	P110, N80, J55, 13Cr, 22Cr
Low	and	and
	22Cr	20Cr-25Ni

Moderate	–	T95, C110, Q125 and L80

High	L80	–

Required chemical composition [21]_

			Chemical composition in mass fraction (%)
Group	Grade	Type	C		Mn		Mo		Cr		Ni	Cu	P	S	Si

			Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Max	Max	Max	Max	Max
1	H40	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03	–

	J55	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03	–

	K55	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03	–

	N80	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03	–

	N80	Q	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03	–

	R95	–	–	0.45	–	1.90	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03	0.45

2	M65	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03	–

	L80	1	–	0.43	–	1.90	–	–	–	–	0.25	0.35	0.03	0.03	0.45

	L80	9Cr	–	0.15	0.30	0.60	0.90	1.10	8.00	10.00	0.50	0.25	0.02	0.01	1.00

	L80	13Cr	0.15	0.22	0.25	1.00	–	–	12.00	14.00	0.50	0.25	0.02	0.01	1.00

	C90	1	–	0.35	–	1.20	0.25	0.85	–	1.50	0.99	–	0.02	0.01	–

	T95	1	–	0.35	–	1.20	0.25	0.85	0.40	1.50	0.99	–	0.02	0.01	–

	C110	–	–	0.35	–	1.20	0.25	1.00	0.40	1.50	0.99	–	0.02	0.005	–

3	P110	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.02	0.03	–

4	Q125	1	–	0.35	–	1.35	–	0.85	–	1.50	0.99	–	0.02	0.01	–

Reaction of Fe with the environment_

Reaction name	Reaction
Iron–carbonic acid reaction	Fe+2H2CO3→Fe2++2HCO3−+H2$Fe+2{{H}_{2}}C{{O}_{3}}\to F{{e}^{2+}}+2HCO_{3}^{-}+{{H}_{2}}$

Iron–bicarbonate reaction	Fe2++2HCO3−→Fe(HCO3)2$F{{e}^{2+}}+2HCO_{3}^{-}\to Fe{{\left( HC{{O}_{3}} \right)}_{2}}$

Iron carbonate precipitation	Fe(HCO3)2→FeCO3+CO2+H2O$Fe{{\left( HC{{O}_{3}} \right)}_{2}}\to FeC{{O}_{3}}+C{{O}_{2}}+{{H}_{2}}O$
Iron carbonate precipitation	Fe2−+CO32−→FeCO3$F{{e}^{2-}}+CO_{3}^{2-}\to FeC{{O}_{3}}$

Required mechanical properties [22]_

				Yield strength (MPa)		Minimum tensile strength
Group	Grade	Type	Elongation (%)	Min	Max	(MPa)
1	H40	–	0.50	276	552	414

	J55	–	0.50	379	552	517

	K55	–	0.50	379	552	655

	N80	1	0.50	552	758	689

	N80	Q	0.50	552	758	689

	R95	–	0.50	655	758	724

2	M65	–	0.50	448	586	586

	L80	1	0.50	552	655	655

	L80	9Cr	0.50	552	655	655

	L80	13Cr	0.50	552	655	655

	C90	1	0.50	621	724	689

	T95	1	0.50	655	758	724

	C110	–	0.70	758	828	793

3	P110	–	0.60	758	965	862

4	Q125	1	0.65	862	1034	931

Reaction of CO2 and H2O_

Reaction name	Reaction
Carbon dioxide hydration	CO2+H2O↔H2CO3$C{{O}_{2}}+{{H}_{2}}O\leftrightarrow {{H}_{2}}C{{O}_{3}}$

Carbonic acid dissociation	H2CO3↔H++HCO3−${{H}_{2}}C{{O}_{3}}\leftrightarrow {{H}^{+}}+HCO_{3}^{-}$

Bicarbonate anion dissociation	HCO3−↔H++CO32−$HCO_{3}^{-}\leftrightarrow {{H}^{+}}+CO_{3}^{2-}$

j_rmzmag-2019-0017_tab_009_w2aab3b8c20b1b7b1ab2b2ab1Aa

Steel	CO₂ phase P	(MPa)	T (°C)	(mm/Rate yr)	Reference	(Time days)	C	Cr	Ni	Mo
3Cr	Vapour	0.2	45	0.45	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

3Cr	Vapour	0.2	65	1.03	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

3Cr	Vapour	0.2	85	1	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

3Cr	Vapour	0.2	105	0.99	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

3Cr	Vapour	0.5	40	0.2	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

3Cr	Vapour	0.5	60	0.7	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

3Cr	Vapour	0.5	80	3.45	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

3Cr	Vapour	0.5	100	4.5	[7]	7	0.22	2.94	0.3	0.3

13Cr	Vapour	3	180	1.71	[24]	7	0.025	13

13Cr	Vapour	3	180	0.225	[24]	7	0.025	13	4	1

13Cr	Vapour	3	180	0.18	[24]	7	0.025	13	4	2

13Cr	Vapour	3	180	0.23	[24]	7	0.025	13	5	1

13Cr	Vapour	3	180	0.15	[24]	7	0.025	13	5	2

13Cr	Vapour	3	180	0.26	[24]	7	0.025	13	4	1

13Cr	Vapour	3	180	0.18	[24]	7	0.025	13	4	2

13Cr	Vapour	1.14	130	0.05	[25]	49	0.02	13	0.4	0.09

13Cr	Vapour	1.14	130	0.005	[25]	49	0.02	12.24	5.73	2.1

J55	Supercritical	8.274	80	0.5	[27]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Supercritical	8.274	80	0.9	[27]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Supercritical	8.274	80	7	[27]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Supercritical	8.274	80	10.5	[27]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Supercritical	8.274	80	12.2	[27]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

N80	Supercritical	8.274	80	0.7	[27]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Supercritical	8.274	80	1	[27]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Supercritical	8.274	80	7.2	[27]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Supercritical	8.274	80	11	[27]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Supercritical	8.274	80	12.8	[27]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

P110	Supercritical	8.274	80	1	[27]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Supercritical	8.274	80	1.7	[27]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Supercritical	8.274	80	10	[27]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Supercritical	8.274	80	11.2	[27]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Supercritical	8.274	80	14.4	[27]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

J55	Vapour	6.89	90	1.854	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Vapour	1.725	80	0.827	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Vapour	1.725	100	0.949	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Vapour	1.725	120	0.894	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Vapour	1.725	140	0.275	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Vapour	1.725	160	0.64	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Vapour	1.725	180	0.351	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Vapour	1.725	200	0.636	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

J55	Supercritical	10.34	90	1.105	[28]	4	0.19	0.19	0.017	0.092

N80	Vapour	6.89	90	1.752	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	1.725	80	0.681	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	1.725	100	1.053	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	1.725	120	0.814	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	1.725	140	0.272	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	1.725	160	0.191	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	1.725	200	0.322	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	1.725	180	0.204	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Supercritical	10.34	90	0.922	[28]	4	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

P110	Vapour	6.89	90	2.403	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Vapour	1.725	80	0.948	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Vapour	1.725	100	1.609	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Vapour	1.725	120	0.862	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Vapour	1.725	140	0.41	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Vapour	1.725	160	0.353	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Vapour	1.725	180	0.422	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Vapour	1.725	200	0.95	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

P110	Supercritical	10.34	90	0.922	[28]	4	0.26	0.15	0.012	0.01

J55	Vapour	5	20	0.7	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Vapour	5	40	6	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Vapour	5	60	8	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Vapour	5	80	3.9	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Vapour	5	100	0.85	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Vapour	2	80	0.1	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Supercritical	8	80	5.2	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Supercritical	10	80	7.2	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

J55	Supercritical	12	80	6.2	[29]	3	0.19	0.049	0.026	0.007

N80	Vapour	5	20	0.7	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Vapour	5	40	5	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Vapour	5	60	9	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Vapour	5	80	3.1	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Vapour	5	100	2	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Vapour	2	80	0.1	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Supercritical	8	80	5.2	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Supercritical	10	80	7.2	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

N80	Supercritical	12	80	6.2	[29]	3	0.24	0.22	0.028	0.018

P110	Vapour	5	20	0.8	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	5	40	5	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	5	60	10	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	5	80	4.5	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	5	100	1.3	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	2	80	0.2	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	8	80	5.7	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	10	80	7.75	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Vapour	12	80	6.4	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Supercritical	8	80	5.7	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Supercritical	10	80	7.75	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

P110	Supercritical	12	80	6.4	[29]	3	0.265	0.958	0.042	0.35

K55	Vapour	1	170	0.29	[31]	7

N80	Vapour	0.4	90	1.689	[32]	3	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	0.4	90	0.172	[32]	3	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	0.4	90	0.789	[32]	3	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	0.4	90	0.621	[32]	3	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	0.4	90	0.511	[32]	3	0.24	0.036	0.028	0.021

N80	Vapour	4	90	0.55	[36]	5	0.42	0.051	0.005	0.18

N80	Vapour	4	90	1.25	[36]	5	0.42	0.051	0.005	0.18

N80	Vapour	4	90	3.55	[36]	5	0.42	0.051	0.005	0.18

N80	Vapour	4	90	4.95	[36]	5	0.42	0.051	0.005	0.18

L80	Vapour	4	65	8.5	[34]	2	0.3	0.85

L80	Supercritical	8	65	9.9	[34]	2	0.3	0.85

L80	Supercritical	12	65	11	[34]	2	0.3	0.85

L80	Vapour	4	90	6.1	[34]	2	0.3	0.85

L80	Supercritical	8	90	3.4	[34]	2	0.3	0.85

L80	Supercritical	12	90	4.8	[34]	2	0.3	0.85

L80	Supercritical	15	50	0.375	[35]	30	0.315	0.04	0.01	0.11

L80	Supercritical	15	50	3.534	[35]	7	0.315	0.04	0.01	0.11

L80	Supercritical	30	50	2.774	[35]	7	0.315	0.04	0.01	0.11

L80	Vapour	0.5	60	1.5568	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	90	1.0627	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	150	1.3941	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	60	1.467	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	90	0.7794	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	150	2.0835	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	60	1.1466	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	90	0.9401	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	150	0.9807	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	60	1.0967	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	90	0.6833	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.5	150	1.0032	[36]	30	0.22	1.2	0.5

L80	Vapour	0.1	20	0.56	[37]	3	0.17	0.81	0.014	0.003

L80	Vapour	0.1	20	0.49	[37]	3	0.21	0.82	0.015	0.031

L80	Vapour	0.1	20	0.45	[37]	3	0.17	0.81	0.014	0.003

L80	Vapour	0.1	20	0.52	[37]	3	0.21	0.82	0.015	0.031

L80	Vapour	0.1	20	0.89	[37]	3	0.17	0.81	0.014	0.003

L80	Vapour	0.1	20	0.29	[37]	3	0.21	0.82	0.015	0.031

L80	Vapour	0.3	20	1.29	[37]	3	0.17	0.81	0.014	0.003

L80	Vapour	0.3	20	0.71	[37]	3	0.21	0.82	0.015	0.031

L80	Vapour	0.3	20	1.26	[37]	3	0.17	0.81	0.014	0.003

L80	Vapour	0.3	20	0.8	[37]	3	0.21	0.82	0.015	0.031

L80	Vapour	0.3	20	1.13	[37]	3	0.17	0.81	0.014	0.003

L80	Vapour	0.3	20	0.82	[37]	3	0.21	0.82	0.015	0.031

T95	Supercritical	41.37	38	15	[38]	7	0.33	1.01	0.03	0.79

T95	Supercritical	41.37	38	20	[38]	7	0.33	1.01	0.03	0.79

T95	Supercritical	41.37	38	17	[38]	7	0.33	1.01	0.03	0.79

T95	Supercritical	41.37	38	17.5	[38]	7	0.33	1.01	0.03	0.79

Q125	Supercritical	41.37	38	3.2	[38]	7	0.26	0.91	0.04	0.26

Q125	Supercritical	41.37	38	9.5	[38]	7	0.26	0.91	0.04	0.26

Q125	Supercritical	41.37	38	10	[38]	7	0.26	0.91	0.04	0.26

Q125	Supercritical	41.37	38	10	[38]	7	0.26	0.91	0.04	0.26

C110	Supercritical	41.37	38	13	[38]	7	0.3	1.01	0.01	0.78

C110	Supercritical	41.37	38	14.5	[38]	7	0.3	1.01	0.01	0.78

C110	Supercritical	41.37	38	9	[38]	7	0.3	1.01	0.01	0.78

P110	Vapour	4	100	6.1843	[39]	5	0.19		0.028	0.028

P110	Vapour	4	160	0.8754	[39]	5	0.19		0.028	0.028

P110	Vapour	4	90	0.9394	[40]	3

P110	Vapour	4	110	0.4491	[40]	3

P110	Vapour	0.1	100	0.64	[41]	7	0.26		0.028	0.028

P110	Vapour	2	100	0.76	[41]	7	0.26		0.028	0.028

P110	Vapour	4	100	0.91	[41]	7	0.26		0.028	0.028

P110	Vapour	6	100	0.83	[41]	7	0.26		0.028	0.028

Q125	Vapour	1	30	1.012	[42]	7	0.2	1.03	0.2	0.3

Q125	Vapour	2	30	0.9	[43]	7	0.15	0.46	0.2	0.15

Q125	Vapour	2	60	2.8	[43]	7	0.15	0.46	0.2	0.15

Q125	Vapour	2	90	3.6	[43]	7	0.15	0.46	0.2	0.15

Q125	Vapour	2	120	2.4	[43]	7	0.15	0.46	0.2	0.15

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	9.5	50	0.0003	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	13	80	0.001	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	16	110	0.0001	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	18.2	130	0.00005	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	9.5	50	0.00006	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	13.5	80	0.00009	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	17	110	0.00011	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

20Cr- 25 Ni	Supercritical	21.5	130	0.00005	[44]	4	0.02	20	25	4.5

13Cr	Supercritical	9.5	50	0.003	[44]	4	0.195	13

13Cr	Supercritical	13	80	0.0038	[44]	4	0.195	13

13Cr	Supercritical	16	110	0.009	[44]	4	0.195	13

13Cr	Supercritical	18.2	130	0.003	[44]	4	0.195	13

13Cr	Supercritical	9.5	50	0.00033	[44]	4	0.195	13

13Cr	Supercritical	13.5	80	0.0006	[44]	4	0.195	13

13Cr	Supercritical	17	110	0.0008	[44]	4	0.195	13

13Cr	Supercritical	21.5	130	0.0004	[44]	4	0.195	13

22Cr	Supercritical	9.5	50	0.0007	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

22Cr	Supercritical	13	80	0.0008	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

22Cr	Supercritical	16	110	0.0004	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

22Cr	Supercritical	18.2	130	0.0001	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

22Cr	Supercritical	9.5	50	0.00006	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

22Cr	Supercritical	13.5	80	0.0001	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

22Cr	Supercritical	17	110	0.00014	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

22Cr	Supercritical	21.5	130	0.00006	[44]	4	0.03	22	5	3

13Cr	Vapour	0.1	60	0.002	[45]	29.167	0.46	13.39	0.13	0.03

13Cr	Vapour	6	60	0.0002	[45]	29.167	0.46	13.39	0.13	0.03

1Cr	Vapour	0.1	60	0.0059	[45]	29.167	0.43	1.05	0.04	0.22

1Cr	Vapour	6	60	0.0015	[45]	29.167	0.43	1.05	0.04	0.22

13Cr	Vapour	0.2	50	0.1	[46]	90	0.029	12.78	5.12	2.23

22Cr	Vapour	0.2	50	0.01	[46]	90	0.23	22.91	5.65	3.21

P110	Vapour	0.2	50	0.18	[46]	90	0.25	1.06	0.025	0.65

J55	Supercritical	9.5	70	0.1	[47]	12.5

J55	Supercritical	9.5	70	0.1	[47]	12.5

N80	Supercritical	9.5	70	0.1	[47]	12.5

N80	Supercritical	9.5	70	0.1	[47]	12.5

J55	Supercritical	9.5	70	2	[47]	4.67

J55	Supercritical	9.5	70	0.2	[47]	4.67

N80	Supercritical	9.5	70	1.15	[47]	4.67

N80	Supercritical	9.5	70	0.2	[47]	4.67

J55	Vapour	0.5	65	3.3	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Vapour	1	65	6.7	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Vapour	1.5	65	5.9	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Vapour	2.5	65	4.7	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Vapour	3	65	3.5	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Vapour	5	65	3.95	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Vapour	7	65	5.2	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Supercritical	9	65	5.2	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Supercritical	11	65	5.2	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Supercritical	13	65	5.2	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Supercritical	15	65	5.2	[48]	2	0.36	0.051	0.009

J55	Vapour	5	30	0.09	[49]	3	0.38	0.09

J55	Vapour	5	48	0.088	[49]	3	0.38	0.09

J55	Vapour	5	55	0.13	[49]	3	0.38	0.09

J55	Vapour	5	65	0.148	[49]	3	0.38	0.09

N80	Vapour	0.5	50	6.5	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Vapour	1	50	9.5	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Vapour	2	50	12	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Vapour	3	50	9.5	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Vapour	4	50	9	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Vapour	5	50	3.8	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Supercritical	10	50	1.8	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Supercritical	10	65	8.4	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Supercritical	10	80	11.8	[50]	2	0.33	0.013	0.026	0.016

N80	Vapour	0.15	100	0.75	[51]	3	0.26	0.148	0.028	0.028

N80	Vapour	0.6	100	1.15	[51]	3	0.26	0.148	0.028	0.028

N80	Vapour	1	100	2.25	[51]	3	0.26	0.148	0.028	0.028

N80	Vapour	4	100	7.2	[51]	3	0.26	0.148	0.028	0.028

N80	Vapour	0.1	80	4.65	[52]	3	0.19	0.55		0.14

3Cr	Vapour	0.1	80	2.9	[52]	3	0.1	3.75		0.25

3Cr	Vapour	0.1	80	3.25	[52]	3	0.11	3.3		0.21

N80	Vapour	8	45	0.056	[53]	32	0.29	0.24	0.08	0.09

L80	Vapour	1	25	0.2334	[54]	2	0.22	0.013

L80	Vapour	4	25	0.3905	[54]	2	0.22	0.013

L80	Vapour	6	25	0.4044	[54]	2	0.22	0.013

L80	Vapour	1	25	0.254	[54]	2	0.22	0.013

L80	Vapour	4	25	0.347	[54]	2	0.22	0.013

L80	Vapour	6	25	0.4681	[54]	2	0.22	0.013

L80	Vapour	0.1	80	0.13	[55]	5	0.43		0.25

L80	Vapour	0.1	80	0.13	[55]	5	0.43	0.95	0.25

L80	Vapour	0.1	80	0.3	[55]	5	0.11	3.4	0.15	0.6

C110	Supercritical	10.8	120	0.55	[56]	7	0.27		0.04	0.72

P110	Vapour	5	90	1.12	[57]	15	0.25	0.15	0.032	0.27

P110	Vapour	5	90	1.08	[57]	15	0.26	2.99	0.043	0.19

P110	Vapour	5	90	1.57	[57]	15	0.25	5.11	0.041	0.21

P110	Vapour	0.5	120	0.03	[58]	1	0.26			0.01

P110	Vapour	1.5	120	2.23	[58]	1	0.26			0.01

P110	Vapour	3	120	1.1	[58]	1	0.26			0.01

N80	Vapour	0.5	120	0.03	[58]	1	0.24			0.021

N80	Vapour	1.5	120	1.5	[58]	1	0.24			0.021

P110	Vapour	0.1	90	4.2	[59]	5	0.22	0.18	0.01	0.03

Review of Studies on Corrosion of Steel by CO2, Focussed on the Behaviour of API Steel in Geological CO2 Storage Environment

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

j_rmzmag-2019-0017_tab_008_w2aab3b8c20b1b7b1ab1b2b2b6Aa

Corrosion rates [37]_

Corrosion rates [36]_

Classification of corrosion rates by steels_

Required chemical composition [21]_

Reaction of Fe with the environment_

Required mechanical properties [22]_

Reaction of CO2 and H2O_

j_rmzmag-2019-0017_tab_009_w2aab3b8c20b1b7b1ab2b2ab1Aa

Paradigm

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