References
- 1. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. [Internet]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed June 18, 2021.
- 2. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-90. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127.10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
- 3. Hopkins C, Surda P, Whitehead E, Kumar BN. Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic - an observational cohort study. J Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg. 2020;49(1):26. DOI: 10.1186/s40463-020-00423-8.10.1186/s40463-020-00423-8
- 4. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. The Ol-factory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10896/.
- 5. Graziadei PPC, Karlan MS, Graziadei GA, Bernstein JJ. Neurogenesis of sensory neurons in the primate olfactory system after section of the fila olfactoria. Brain Res. 1980;186(2):289-300. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90976-2.10.1016/0006-8993(80)90976-2
- 6. Gupta K, Mohanty SK, Mittal A, Kalra S, Kumar S, Mishra T, et al. The cellular basis of loss of smell in 2019-nCoV-infected individuals. Brief Bioinform. 2021;22(2):873-81. DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa168.10.1093/bib/bbaa168746233432810867
- 7. Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. 2020;6(31):eabc5801. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5801.10.1126/sciadv.abc580132937591
- 8. Chen M, Shen W, Rowan NR, Kulaga H, Hillel A, Ramanathan M, et al. Elevated ACE2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Eur Respir J. 2020;56:2001948. DOI:10.1183/13993003.01948-2020.10.1183/13993003.01948-2020743942932817004
- 9. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-80.e8. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052710262732142651
- 10. Lee MH, Perl DP, Nair G, Li W, Maric D, Murray H, et al. Microvascular injury in the brains of patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):481-3. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2033369.10.1056/NEJMc2033369778721733378608
- 11. Eshraghi AA, Mirsaeidi M, Davies C, Telischi FF, Chaudhari N, Mittal R. Potential mechanisms for COVID-19 induced anosmia and dysgeusia. Front Physiol. 2020;11:1039. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01039.10.3389/fphys.2020.01039752643533041842
- 12. Bryche B, St Albin A, Murri S, Lacôte S, Pulido C, Ar Gouilh M, et al. Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:579-86. DOI: 10.1016/j. bbi.2020.06.032.
- 13. Eliezer M, Hamel AL, Houdart E, Herman P, Housset J, Jourdaine C, et al. Loss of smell in COVID-19: MRI data reveals a transient edema of the olfactory clefts. Neurology. 2020;95(23):e3145-52. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010806.10.1212/WNL.000000000001080632917809
- 14. Kandemirli SG, Altundag A, Yildirim D, Tekcan Sanli DE, Saatci O. Olfactory bulb MRI and paranasal sinus CT findings in persistent COVID-19 anosmia. Acad Radiol. 2021;28(1):28-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.10.006.10.1016/j.acra.2020.10.006757197233132007
- 15. Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol. 2008;82(15):7264-75. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00737-08.10.1128/JVI.00737-08249332618495771
- 16. Bilinska K, Jakubowska P, Von Bartheld CS, Butowt R. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: identification of cell types and trends with age. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11(11):1555-62. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00210.10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00210724173732379417
- 17. Sakalli E, Temirbekov D, Bayri E, Alis EE, Erdurak SC, Bayraktaroglu M. Ear nose throat-related symptoms with a focus on loss of smell and/or taste in COVID-19 patients. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(6):102622. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102622.10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102622730990232629147
- 18. Yachou Y, El Idrissi A, Belapasov V, Benali SA. Neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(10):2657-69. DOI:10.1007/s10072-020-04575-3.10.1007/s10072-020-04575-3738520632725449
- 19. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(8):2251-61. DOI: 101007/s00405-020-05965-1.10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1713455132253535
- 20. Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Salzano G, Petrocelli M, Melis A, Cucurullo M, et al. Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study. Head Neck. 2020;42(7):1560-9. DOI: 10.1002/hed.26269.10.1002/hed.26269728058332437022
- 21. D’Ascanio L, Pandolfini M, Cingolani C, Latini G, Gradoni P, Capalbo M, et al. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: prevalence and prognosis for recovering sense of smell. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;164(1):82-6. DOI: 10.1177/0194599820943530.10.1177/019459982094353032662745
- 22. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889-90. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330.10.1093/cid/ciaa330718451432215618
- 23. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, Van Laethem Y, Cabaraux P, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Intern Med. 2020;288(3):335-44. DOI: 10.1111/joim.13089.10.1111/joim.13089726744632352202
- 24. Mendonça CV, Neto JAM, Suzuki FA, Orth MS, Neto HM, Nacif SR. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: a marker of good prognosis? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;S1808-8694(20)30240-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.12.002. [Epub ahead of print].10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.12.002783180333441276
- 25. Klopfenstein T, Zahra H, Kadiane-Oussou NJ, Lepiller Q, Royer PY, Toko L, et al. New loss of smell and taste: Uncommon symptoms in COVID-19 patients on Nord Franche-Comte cluster, France. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:117-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.012.10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.012741081332771635
- 26. Samaranayake LP, Fakhruddin KS, Mohammad OE, Panduwawala C, Bandara N, Ngo HC. Attributes of dysgeusia and anosmia of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitalized patients. Oral Dis. 2020. DOI: 10.1111/odi.13713. [Epub ahead of print].10.1111/odi.1371333176049
- 27. Freni F, Meduri A, Gazia F, Nicastro V, Galletti C, Aragona P, et al. Symptomatology in head and neck district in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A possible neuroinvasive action of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(5):102612. DOI: 10.1016/j.am-joto.2020.102612.
- 28. Ninchritz-Becerra E, Soriano-Reixach MM, Mayo-Yánez M, Calvo-Henríquez C, Martínez-Ruiz de Apodaca P, et al. Subjective evaluation of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with mild COVID-19 in Spain. Med Clin (Engl Ed). 2021;156(2):61-4. DOI: 10.1016/j. medcle.2020.08.004.
- 29. Pinto BGG, Oliveira AER, Singh Y, Jimenez L, Gonçalves ANA, Ogava RLT, et al. ACE2 expression is increased in the lungs of patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(4):556-63. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa332.10.1093/infdis/jiaa332737728832526012
- 30. Porta-Etessam, J, Núñez-Gil IJ, González García N, Fernandez-Perez C, Viana-Llamas MC, Eid CM, et al. COVID-19 anosmia and gustatory symptoms as a prognosis factor: a subanalysis of the HOPE COVID-19 (Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation for COVID-19) registry. Infection. 2021;49(4):677-84. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01587-9.10.1007/s15010-021-01587-9791753733646505
- 31. Sehanobish E, Barbi M, Fong V, Kravitz M, Tejera DS, Asad M, et al. COVID-19-induced anosmia and ageusia are associated with younger age and lower blood eosinophil counts. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2021;194589242110048. DOI: 10.1177/19458924211004800. [Epub ahead of print].10.1177/19458924211004800882219733813917
- 32. Lima MHLC, Cavalcante ALB, Leão SC. Pathophysiological relationship between COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;S1808-8694(21)00073-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.04.001. [Epub ahead of print].10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.04.001806878233965353
- 33. Zayet, S, Klopfenstein T, Mercier J, Kadiane-Oussou NJ, Wah LLC, Royer PY, et al. Contribution of anosmia and dysgeusia for diagnostic of COVID-19 in outpatients. Infection. 2020;1-5. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01442-3. [Epub ahead of print].10.1007/s15010-020-01442-3722123332410112