References
- 1. ARDEHALI A., PORTS TA. Myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Chest. 1990; 98(3):699–705.
- 2. ESTES EH., ENTMAN ML., DIXON HB., HACKEL DB. The vascular supply of the left ventricular wall. Anatomic observations, plus a hypothesis regarding acute events in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 1966; 71(1):58–67.
- 3. CHILIAN WM., EASTHAM CL, MARCUS ML. Microvascular distribution of coronary vascular resistance in beating left ventricle. Am J Physiol – Hear Circ Physiol. 1986; 251(4 (20/4)):779–88.
- 4. BASSINGTHWAIGHTE JB., YIPINTSOI T., Harvey RB. Microvasculature of the dog left ventricular myocardium. Microvasc Res. 1974; 7(2):229–49.
- 5. WIGGERS CJ. The physiology of the coronary circulation. In: Disease of the Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Pain, MacMilllan, New York, 1936:136-180.
- 6. LI Y., SHEN C., JI Y., FENG Y., MA G., LIU N. Clinical implication of coronary tortuosity in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One. 2011; 6(8):1–5.
- 7. ZHU H., DING Z., PIANA RN., GEHRIG TR., FRIEDMAN MH. Cataloguing the geometry of the human coronary arteries: A potential tool for predicting risk of coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol [Internet]. 2009; 135(1):43–52.
- 8. PANCERA P., RIBUL M., PRESCIUTINNI B., LECHI A. Prevalence of carotid artery kinking in 590 consecutive subjects evaluated by Echocolordoppler. Is there a correlation with arterial hypertensio? 2000; J Intern Med. 2000; 248:7–12.
- 9. CORSO L D., MORUZZO D., AGELLI M., ROMANELLI AM. Tortuosity, Kinking, and Coiling of the Carotid Artery: Expression of Atherosclerosis or Aging ? Angiology.1998; 49:361–371.
- 10. SMEDBY O., BERGSTRAND L. Tortuosity and Atherosclerosis in the Femoral Artery: What is Cause and What is Effect ? Ann Biomed Eng. 1996; 24:474–480.
- 11. SATISH G., NAMPOOTHIRI S., KAPPANAYIL M. Images in Cardiovascular Medicine Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome Phenotypic Features and Cardiovascular Manifestations. Circulation. 2008; 117(23)477–478.
- 12. STEIN PD., HAMID MS., SHIVKUMAR K., DAVIS TP., KHAIA F., HENRY JW. Effects of cyclic flexion of coronary arteries on progression of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 1994; 73(7):431–7.
- 13. SHO E., NANJO H., SHO M., KOBAYASI M. Arterial enlargement, tortuosity, and intimal thickening in response to sequential exposure to high and low wall shear stress. J Vasc Surg. 2004; 39(3):601–12.
- 14. SCHWARCZ TH. Longitudinal Retractive Force in Pressurized Dog and Human Arteries. J Surg Res. 1990; 48 (2):116–20.
- 15. ZAACKS SM., ALLEN JE., CALVIN JE., SCHAER GL., PALVAS BW., PARILLO JE, et al. Value of The American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Stenosis Morphology Classification for coronary interventions in the late 1990s. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82(1):43–9.
- 16. ZEGERS ES., MEURSING BTJ., ZEGERS EB., OUDE OPHUIS AJM. Coronary tortuosity: A long and winding road. Netherlands Hear J. 2007; 15(5):191–5.
- 17. GROVES SS., JAIN AC., WARDEN BE., GHARIB W., BETO II RJ. Severe coronary tortuosity and the relationship to significant coronary artery disease. W V Med J. 2009; 105:14–17.
- 18. VAN ZANDWIJK JK., TUNCAY V., VLIEGENHART R., PELGRIM GJ., SLUMP CH., OUDKERK M, et al. Assessment of Dynamic Change of Coronary Artery Geometry and Its Relationship to Coronary Artery Disease, Based on Coronary CT Angiography. J Digit Imaging. 2020; 33(2):480–9.
- 19. ESTRADA APD., LOPES R de O., VILLACORTA JUNIOR H. Coronary tortuosity and its role in myocardial ischemia in patients with no coronary obstructions. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017; 30(2):163–70.
- 20. WENTZEL JJ., CHATZIZISIS YS., GIJSEN FJH., GIANNOGLOU GD., FELDMAN CL., STONE PH. Endothelial shear stress in the evolution of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and vascular remodelling: current understanding and remaining questions. Cardiovasc Res. 2012; 96(2):234–43.
- 21. LI Y., LIU NF, GU Z Z., CHEN Y., LU J., FENG Y, et al. Coronary tortuosity is associated with reversible myocardial perfusion defects in patients without coronary artery disease. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012; 125(19):3581–3.
- 22. ELEID MF., GUDDETI RR., TWEET MS., LERMAN A., SINGH M., BEST PJ., et al. Coronary artery tortuosity in spontaneous coronary artery dissection angiographic characteristics and clinical implications. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 7(5):656–62.
- 23. IWAMI T., FUJII T., MIURA., T, OTANI N., IIDA H., KAVAMURA A., et al. Importance of left anterior descending coronary artery curvature in determining cross-sectional plaque distribution assessed by intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82(3):381–4.
- 24. HASSAN AKM., ABD-EL RAHMAN H., HASSAN SG., AHMED TAN., YOUSSEF AAA. Validity of tortuosity severity index in chest pain patients with abnormal exercise test and normal coronary angiography. Egypt Hear J. 2018; 70(4):381–7.
- 25. EL TAHLAWI M., SKRANA A., ELMURR A., GOUDA M., THARWAT M. The relation between coronary tortuosity and calcium score in patients with chronic stable angina and normal coronaries by CT angiography. Atherosclerosis. 2016; 246:334–7.
- 26. CERIT L., CERIT Z. Coronary Tortuosity; Component or Entire of SYNTAX Score Puzzle. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017; 2(02):41–6.
- 27. GAIBAZZI N., RIGO F., REVERBERI C. Severe coronary tortuosity or myocardial bridging in patients with chest pain, normal coronary arteries, and reversible myocardial perfusion defects. Am J Cardiol. 2011; 108(7):973–8.
- 28. THOMA R. Untersuchungen über die Histogenese und Histomechanik des Gefäßsystems. Enke, Stuttgart; 1893.
- 29. KAMIYA A., TOGAWA T. Adaptive regulation of wall shear stress to flow change in the canine carotid artery. Am J Physiol – Hear Circ Physiol. 1980; 8(1):14–21.
- 30. PEIFFER V., SHERWIN SJ., WEINBERG PD. Does low and oscillatory wall shear stress correlate spatially with early atherosclerosis? A systematic review. Cardiovasc Res. 2013; 99(2):242–50.
- 31. SÁNCHEZ TG., TREVETHAN CS., BIALOSTOZKY D., GUTIÉRREZ FE., OLVERA Cruz S. Clinical and coronary angiographic characteristics of hypertensive angina. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1981; 51(6):541–7.
- 32. JAKOB M., SPASOJEVIC D., KROGMANN ON., WIHER H., HUG R., HESS OM. Tortuosity of coronary arteries in chronic pressure and volume overload. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996; 38(1):25–31.
- 33. OEHLER AC., MINNIER J., LINDNER JR. Increased Coronary Tortuosity Is Associated with Increased Left Ventricular Longitudinal Myocardial Shortening. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017; 30(10):1028-1034.
- 34. TURGUT O., YILMAZ A., YALTA K., YILMAZ BM., OZYOL A., KENDIRLIOGLU O. et al. Tortuosity of coronary arteries: An indicator for impaired left ventricular relaxation? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007; 23(6):671–7.
- 35. KARMPALIOTIS D., WYMAN MR., ALASWAD K., LOMBARDI W., RANGAN B V., LEMBO N, et al. Development and Validation of a Novel Scoring System for Predicting Technical Success of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016; 9(1):1–9.
- 36. DISCIASCIO G., DELIGONUL U., TOPOL EJ. Coronary Morphologic and Clinical Determinants of Procedural Outcome With Angioplasty for Multivessel Coronary Disease Implications for Patient Selection. Circulation. 1990; 82(4):1193–202.
- 37. PAREKH P., AGRAWAL N., VASAVADA A., VINCHURKAR M. Extreme coronary artery tortuosity in association with tortuosity of the systemic arteries: A rare and challenging situation for the interventionist. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 (November).
- 38. SAEED B, BANERJEE S, BRILAKIS ES. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Tortuous Coronary Arteries: Associated Complications and Strategies to Improve Success. J Interv Cardiol. 2008; 21(6):504–11.