1. SURVEILLANCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND END RESULTS (SEER) PROGRAM. Cancer Stat Facts: Pancreatic Cancer. 2019. Accessed from <www.seer.cancer.gov> on 11/30/2019.
2. MCGUIGAN A., KELLY P., TURKINGTON, RC., JONES C., COLEMAN HG., MCCAIN RS. Pancreatic cancer: A review of clinical diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment and outcomes. World J Gastroenterol. 2018; 24(43):4846–4861.10.3748/wjg.v24.i43.4846625092430487695
4. LEWIS A., LI D., WILLIAMS J., SINGH, G. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: State-of-the-Art Diagnosis and Management. Oncology (Williston Park) 2017; 31(10):e1-e12.
7. EGAWA S., TOMA H., OHIGASHI H., OKUSAKA T., NAKAO A., HATORI T., et al. Japan Pancreatic Cancer Registry; 30th year anniversary: Japan Pancreas Society. Pancreas 2012; 41(7):985–992.10.1097/MPA.0b013e318258055c22750974
8. PATRA KC., BARDEESY N., MIZUKAMAI Y. Diversity of Precursor Lesions For Pancreatic Cancer: The Genetics and Biology of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2017; 8(4):e86.10.1038/ctg.2017.3541589928383565
9. MINO-KENUDSON M., FERNANDEZ-DEL CASTILLO C., BAB Y., VALSANGKAR NP., LISS AS., HSU M., et al. Prognosis of invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm depends on histological and precursor epithelial subtypes. Gut 2011; 60(12):1712–1720.10.1136/gut.2010.232272380608521508421
10. TANAKA M., FERNANDEZ-DEL CASTILLO C., KAMISAWA T., JANG JY., LEVY P., OHTSUKA T., et al. Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guidelines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2017; 17(5):738–753.10.1016/j.pan.2017.07.00728735806
12. LEVINK I., BRUNO MJ., CAHEN DL. Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms: Controversies in Guidelines and Future Perspectives. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2018; 16(3):316–332.10.1007/s11938-018-0190-2615357030196428
13. NAVEED S., QARI H., BANDAY T., ALTAF A., PARA M. Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms of Pancreas. Gastroenterology Res 2014; 7(2):44–50.10.14740/gr600e505107427785269
14. ZAMBONI G., SCARPA A., BOGINA G., IACONO C., BASSI C., TALAMINI G., SESSA F. et al. Mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreas: clinicopathological features, prognosis, and relationship to other mucinous cystic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999; 23(4):410–422.10.1097/00000478-199904000-00005
16. BRAY F., FERLAY J., SOERJOMATARAM I., SIEGEL RL., TORRE L., JEMAL A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 2018; 68(6):394–424.10.3322/caac.21492
17. INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Estimated number of deaths from 2018 to 2040, all cancers, both sexes, all ages. Accessed from <gco.iacr.fr/tomorrow>on 3/2/2020.
18. MIDHA S., CHAWLA S., GARG PK. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer: A review. Cancer Lett 2016; 381(1):269–277.10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.022
19. RAIMONDI S., LOWENFELS AB., MORSELLI-LABATE AM., MAISONNEUVE P., PEZZILLI R. Pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis; aetiology, incidence, and early detection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24(3):349–358.10.1016/j.bpg.2010.02.007
20. WHITTEMORE AS., PAFFENBARGER RS. JR, ANDERSON K., HALPERN J. Early precursors of pancreatic cancer in college men. J Chronic Dis 1983; 36(3):251–256.10.1016/0021-9681(83)90059-0
21. TRANAH GH., HOLLEY EA., WANG F., BRACCI PM. Cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking, passive smoke exposure, and risk of pancreatic cancer: a population-based study in the San Francisco Bay Area. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:138.10.1186/1471-2407-11-138309432521496267
24. SHARMA A., KANDLAKUNTA H., NAGPAL SJS., FENG Z., HOOS W., PETERSEN GM. et al. Model to Determine Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients With New-Onset Diabetes. Gastroenterol. 2018; 155(3):730–739.10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.023612078529775599
25. KIRKEGARD J., CRONIN-FENTON D., HEIDE-JORGENSEN U., MORTENSEN FV. Acute Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Matched-Cohort Study in Denmark. Gastroenterol. 2018; 154(6):1729–1736.10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.01129432727
26. DOBBINS M., DECORBY K., CHOI BCK. The Association between Obesity and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies from 1985 to 2011. ISRN Prev Med. 2013;eCollection 2013.10.5402/2013/680536406285724977095
27. BERRINGTON DE GONZALEZ A., SWEETLAND S., SPENCER E. A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 89(3):519–523.10.1038/sj.bjc.6601140239438312888824
28. BEHRENS G., JOCHEM C., SCHMID D., KEIMLING M., RICCI C., LEITZMANN, MF. Physical activity and risk of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015; 30(4):279–298.10.1007/s10654-015-0014-925773752
31. NAUDIN, S., VIALLON V., HASHIM D., FREISLING H., JENAB M., WEIDERPASS, E. Healthy lifestyle and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the EPIC study. Eur J Epidemiol 2019;Epub ahead of print.10.1007/s10654-019-00559-6711613631564045
34. SOURA E., ELIADES PJ., SHANNON K., STRATIGOS AJ., TSAO H. Hereditary melanoma: Update on syndromes and management: Genetics of familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016; 74(3):395–40.10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.038476110526892650
35. KASTRINOS F., MUKHERJEE B., TAYOB N., WANG F., SPARR J., RAYMOND VM. et al. Risk of pancreatic cancer in families with Lynch syndrome. J Am Med Assoc. 2009; 302(16):1790–1795.10.1001/jama.2009.1529409162419861671
36. RUIJS MWG., VERHOEF S., ROOKUS MA., PRUNTEL R., VAN DER HOUT AH., HOGERVORST FBL. et al. TP53 germline mutation testing in 180 families suspected of Li-Fraumeni syndrome: mutation detection rate and relative frequency of cancers in different familial phenotypes. J Med Genet. 2010; 47(6):421–428.10.1136/jmg.2009.07342920522432
38. THOMPSON D., DUEDAL A., KIRNER J., MCGUFFOG L., LAST J., REIMAN A. et al. Cancer risks and mortality in heterozygous ATM mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(11):813–822.10.1093/jnci/dji14115928302
39. BORECKA M., ZEMANKOVA P., VOCKA M., SOUCEK P., SOUKUPOVA J., KLEIBLOVA P. et al. Mutation analysis of the PALB2 gene in unselected pancreatic cancer patients in the Czech Republic. Cancer Genet. 2016; 209(5):199–204.10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.03.00327106063
40. BRUNE KA., LAU B., PALMISANO E., CANTO M., GOGGINS MG., HRUBAN RH. Importance of age of onset in pancreatic cancer kindreds. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102(2):119–126.10.1093/jnci/djp466280834620068195
41. JACOBS EJ., CHANOCK SJ., FUCHS CS., LACROIX A., MCWILLIAMS RR., STEPLOWSKI E. et al. Family history of cancer and risk of pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan). Int J Cancer 2010; 127(6):1421–1428.10.1002/ijc.25148292693920049842
43. WOLPIN BM., CHAN AT., HARTGE P., CHANOCK SJ., KRAFT P., HUNTER DJ. et al. ABO blood group and the risk of pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101(6):424–431.10.1093/jnci/djp020265709519276450
44. HUANG BZ., STRAM DO., LE MARCHAND L., HAIMAN CA., WILKENS LR., PANDOL SL. Interethnic differences in pancreatic cancer incidence and risk factors: The Multiethnic Cohort. Cancer Med. 2019; 8(7):3592–360.10.1002/cam4.2209660157931066497
45. GOGGINS M., OVERBEEK KA., BRAND R., SYNGAL S., DEL CHIARO M., BARTSCH, DK. et al. Management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer: updated recommendations from the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium. Gut 2020; 69(1):7–17.10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319352729500531672839
46. STOFFEL EM., MCKERNIN SE., BRAND R., CANTO M., GOGGINS M., MORAVEK C. et al. Evaluating Susceptibility to Pancreatic Cancer: ASCO Provisional Clinical Opinion. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37(2):153–164.10.1200/JCO.18.0148930457921
49. JOERGENSEN MT., GERDES AM., SORENSEN J., SCHAFFALITZKY DE MUCKADELL O., MORTENSEN MB. Is screening for pancreatic cancer in high-risk groups cost-effective? – Experience from a Danish national screening program. Pancreatol. 2016; 16(4):584–592.10.1016/j.pan.2016.03.01327090585
51. YOSHIDA T., YAMASHITA Y., KITANO M. Endoscopic Ultrasound for Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9(3):E81.10.3390/diagnostics9030081678771031344904
52. HATA T., DAL MOLIN M., HONG SM., TAMURA K., SUENAGA M., YU J. et al. Predicting the Grade of Dysplasia of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms Using Cyst Fluid DNA Methylation Markers. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(14):3935–3944.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2244551155528148542
53. HART PA., TOPAZIAN M., RAIMONDO M., CRUZ-MONSERRATE Z., FISHER WE., LESINSKI GB. et al. Endoscopic Pancreas Fluid Collection: Methods and Relevance for Clinical Care and Translational Science. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016; 111(9):1258–1266.10.1038/ajg.2016.297556800327481304
54. SHIN EJ., TOPAZIAN M., GOGGINA MG., SYNGAL S., SALTZMAN JR., LEE JH. Linear-array EUS improves detection of pancreatic lesions in high-risk individuals: a randomized tandem study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015; 82(5):812–818.10.1016/j.gie.2015.02.028460923425930097
55. CAZACU IM., LUZURIAGA CHAVEZ AA., SAFTOIU A., VILMANN P., BHUTANI MS. A quarter century of EUS-FNA: Progress, milestones, and future directions. Endosc Ultrasound 2018; 7(3):141–160.10.4103/eus.eus_19_18603270529941723
56. KITANO M., YOSHIDA T., ITONAGA M., TAMURA T., HATAMARU K., YAMASHITA Y. Impact of endoscopic ultrasonography on diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol. 2019; 54(1):19–32.10.1007/s00535-018-1519-2631498530406288
57. MCALLISTER F., MONTIEL MF., UBEROI GS., UBEROI AS., MAITRA A., BHUTANI MS. Current Status and Future Directions for Screening Patients at High Risk for Pancreatic Cancer. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; 13(5):268–275.
59. KANG HJ., LEE JM., JOO I., HUR BY., JEON JH., JANG JY. et al. Assessment of Malignant Potential in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: Comparison between Multidetector CT and MR Imaging with MR Cholangiopancreatography. Radiol. 2016; 279(1):128–139.10.1148/radiol.201515021726517448
60. ZHANG L., SANAGAPALLI S., STOITA A. Challenges in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2018; 24(19):2047–2060.10.3748/wjg.v24.i19.2047596081129785074
61. ASHIDA R., TANAKA S., YAMANAKA H., OKAGAKI S., NAKAO K., FUKUDA J. et al. The Role of Transabdominal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Early Stage Pancreatic Cancer: Review and Single-Center Experience. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 9(1):2.10.3390/diagnostics9010002646879730587766
62. CANTO MI., HARINCK F., HRUBAN RH., OFFERHAUS GJ., POLEY JW., KAMEL I. et al. International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium summit on the management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer. Gut 2013; 62(3):339–347.10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303108358549223135763
65. KELLY FF., IHAB RK., JEANNE MH., HINA AT., MUSTAFA RB., VICTORIA C. et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Pancreatic Cyst. Accessed from <https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/3127236/Narrative/> on 1/22/2020.
66. PORUK KE., GAY DZ., BROWN K., MULVIHILL JD., BOUCHER KM., SCAIFE CL. et al. The clinical utility of CA 19–9 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: diagnostic and prognostic updates. Curr Mol Med. 2013; 13(3):340–351.10.2174/1566524011313030003
67. MENG Q., SHI S., LIANG C., LIANG D., XU W., JI S. Diagnostic and prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther. 2017; 10:4591–4598.10.2147/OTT.S145708560808228979147
68. COSTACHE MI., COSTACHE CA., DUMITRESCU CI., TICA AA., POPESCU M., BALUTA EA. et al. Which is the Best Imaging Method in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Diagnosis and Staging – CT, MRI or EUS? Curr Health Sci J. 2017; 43(2):132–136.
69. TOFT J., HADDEN WJ., LAURENCE JM., LAM V., YUEN L., JANSSEN A. et al. Imaging modalities in the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy. Eur J Radiol. 2017; 92:17–23.10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.04.00928624015
70. ZHANG H., ZHU J., KE F., WENG M., WU X., LI M. et al. Radiological Imaging for Assessing the Respectability of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015:497942.10.1155/2015/497942456975826448940
71. SHRIKHANDE SV., BARRETO SG., GOEL M., ARYA S. Multimodality imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a review of the literature. HPB (Oxford) 2012; 14(10):658–668.10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00508.x346137122954001
72. JUDY MK., GANESH K., PRAVEEN KJ., PRASAD H., CHIDANANDA M., ARUN K. A Comparative Evaluation of USG and MRCP Findings in Biliary and Pancreatic Pathologies. Int J Contemp Med Res. 2017; 4(1):212–215.
73. MICHL P., PAULS S., GRESS TM. Evidence-based diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006; 20(2):227–251.10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.00516549326
74. ELOUBEIDI MA., VARADARAJULU S., DESAI S., SHIRLEY R., HESLIN MJ., MEHRA M. et al. A prospective evaluation of an algorithm incorporating routine preoperative endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in suspected pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007; 11(7):813–819.10.1007/s11605-007-0151-x17440790
75. OKASHA HH., NAGA MI., ESMAT S., NAGUIB M., HASSANEIN M., HASSANI M. et al. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration versus Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration in Diagnosis of Focal Pancreatic Masses. Endosc Ultrasound 2014; 2(4):190–193.10.4103/2303-9027.121239
76. WANG XY., YANG F., JIN C., FU DL. Utility of PET/CT in diagnosis, staging, assessment of resectability and metabolic response of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(42):15580–15589.10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15580422952225400441
77. BRONSTEIN YL., LOYER EM., KAUR H., CHOI H., DAVID C., DUBROW RA. et al. Detection of small pancreatic tumors with multiphasic helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004; 182(3):619–623.10.2214/ajr.182.3.182061914975959
79. WONG JC., LU DS. Staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by imaging studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 6(12):1301–1308.10.1016/j.cgh.2008.09.01418948228
80. SHEN YN., BAI XL., LI GG., LIANG TB. Review of radiological classifications of pancreatic cancer with peripancreatic vessel invasion: are new grading criteria required? Cancer Imag. 2017; 17(1):14.10.1186/s40644-017-0115-7542008828477615
81. TANAKA S., KITAMRA T., YAMAMOTO K., FUJIKAWA S., IMAOKA T., NISHIKAWA S. et al. Evaluation of routine sonography for early detection of pancreatic cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1996; 26(6):422–427.10.1093/oxfordjournals.jjco.a0232599001347
82. MARINGHINI A., CIAMBRA M., RAIMONDO M., BACCELLIERE P., GRASSO R. DARDANONI G. Clinical presentation and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 1993; 8(2):146–150.10.1097/00006676-199303000-000028460088
83. CONRAD C., FERNANDEZ-DEL CASTILLO C. Preoperative evaluation and management of the pancreatic head mass. J Surg Oncol. 2013; 107(1):23–32.10.1002/jso.2316522674403
84. GOONETILLEKE KS., SIRIWARDENA AK. Systematic review of carbohydrate antigen (CA 19–9) as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007; 33(3):266–270.10.1016/j.ejso.2006.10.00417097848
85. CHU LC., PARK S., KAWAMOTO S., WANG Y., ZHOU Y., SHEN W. Application of Deep Learning to Pancreatic Cancer Detection: Lessons Learned From Our Initial Experience. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019; 16(9B):1338–1342.10.1016/j.jacr.2019.05.03431492412
87. OZKAN M., CAKIROGLU M., KOCAMAN O., KURT M., YILMAZ B., CAN G. et al. Age-based computer-aided diagnosis approach for pancreatic cancer on endoscopic ultrasound images. Endosc Ultrasound 2016; 5(2):101–107.10.4103/2303-9027.180473485078827080608
88. ZHU M., XU C., YU J., WU Y., LI C., ZHANG M. et al. Differentiation of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis using computer-aided diagnosis of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) images: a diagnostic test. PLoS One 8 2013; 8(5):e63820.10.1371/journal.pone.0063820366038223704940
89. MUHAMMAD W., HART GR., NARTOWT B., FARRELL JJ., JOHUNG K., LIANG Y. et al. ancreatic Cancer Prediction Through an Artificial Neural Network. Front In Art Intel. 2019; 2(2):1–10.10.3389/frai.2019.00002
91. DUAN L., HU XQ., FENG DY., LEI SY., HU GH. GPC-1 may serve as a predictor of perineural invasion and a prognosticator of survival in pancreatic cancer. Asian J Surg. 2013; 36(1):7–12.10.1016/j.asjsur.2012.08.00123270819
93. LIU D., CHANG CH., GOLD DV., GOLDENBERG DM. Identification of PAM4 (clivatuzumab)-reactive epitope on MUC5AC: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6(6):4274–4285.10.18632/oncotarget.2760441418925595893
94. DEBERNARDI S., MASSAT NJ., RADON TP., SANGARALINGAM A., BANISSI A., ENNIS DP. et al. Noninvasive urinary miRNA biomarkers for early detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Cancer Res. 2015; 5(11):3455–3466.
96. LAN B., ZENG S., GRUTZMANN R., PILARSKY C. The Role of Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(18):E4332.10.3390/ijms20184332677078131487880