TABLE 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Intervention | Control | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 287 | 194 | ||
| Cancer stage [%] | 0.398 | |||
| 0 | 5 (1.7) | 4 (2.1) | ||
| 1 | 121 (42.2) | 86 (44.3) | ||
| 2 | 114 (39.7) | 64 (33.0) | ||
| 3 | 30 (10.5) | 30 (15.5) | ||
| 4 | 17 (5.9) | 10 (5.2) | ||
| Living environment [%] | 0.001 | |||
| urban | 157 (54.7) | 78 (40.2) | ||
| suburban | 48 (16.7) | 30 (15.5) | ||
| rural | 82 (28.6) | 86 (44.3) | ||
| Social status [%] | 0.836 | |||
| upper class | 4 (1.4) | 3 (1.5) | ||
| upper middle class | 44 (15.3) | 25 (12.9) | ||
| middle class | 205 (71.4) | 141 (72.7) | ||
| working class | 33 (11.5) | 23 (11.9) | ||
| lower class | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| no data | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Age at baseline (years) ± SD | 51.28 +/- 9.11 | 51.19 +/- 8.76 | 0.909 | |
| Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) [%] | 122 (42.5) | 90 (46.4) | 0.455 | |
| NRS – points [%] | ||||
| 0 | 165 (57.5) | 104 (53.6) | ||
| 1 | 90 (31.4) | 66 (34.0) | ||
| 2 | 13 (4.5) | 12 (6.2) | ||
| 3 | 7 (2.4) | 4 (2.1) | ||
| 4 | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| no data | 11 (3.8) | 8 (4.1) | ||
| GLIM -positive [%] | 60 (20.9) | 52 (26.8) | 0.164 | |
| Obesity = 1 [%] [BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2] | 61 (21.3) | 41 (21.1) | 1.000 | |
TABLE 2.
Descriptive statistics (mean ± SD) for Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) parameters at each measurement time point, stratified by GLIM status
| GLIM negative | GLIM positive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Meas. | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control |
| Phase angle (°) | 1 | 5.4 +/-0.7 | 5.5 +/-0.6 | 5.2 +/-1.3 | 5.2 +/-0.6 |
| 2 | 4.9 +/-0.6 | 5 +/-0.6 | 4.8 +/-0.6 | 4.7 +/-0.7 | |
| 3 | 5 +/-0.7 | 5.2 +/-0.7 | 4.9 +/-0.7 | 4.9 +/-0.6 | |
| FFMI (kg/m2) | 1 | 17.1 +/-1.5 | 17.2 +/-1.3 | 15 +/-1.7 | 15 +/-1.6 |
| 2 | 17.2 +/-1.7 | 17.2 +/-1.5 | 15.5 +/-1.8 | 15.4 +/-1.8 | |
| 3 | 17 +/-1.6 | 17.1 +/-1.4 | 15.4 +/-1.6 | 15.1 +/-1.5 | |
| Fat mass (%) | 1 | 36.5 +/-7.5 | 36.6 +/-7 | 30.3 +/-7.4 | 30.4 +/-8.5 |
| 2 | 36.3 +/-7.1 | 36.6 +/-7 | 31.4 +/-6.7 | 30.3 +/-6.3 | |
| 3 | 37 +/-6.8 | 37.1 +/-7.1 | 32.4 +/-8.4 | 31.3 +/-6.5 | |
| TBW (%) | 1 | 47.6 +/-5 | 47.6 +/-4.9 | 53.6 +/-5.7 | 54 +/-6.1 |
| 2 | 48 +/-5 | 47.8 +/-4.8 | 52.8 +/-4.9 | 53.6 +/-5.4 | |
| 3 | 47.5 +/-4.7 | 47.4 +/-4.9 | 51.5 +/-5.3 | 53.2 +/-5.8 | |
FIGURE 1.
Distribution of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) measurements. The median and the first and third quartiles of each measurement are shown.
BMI = body mass index; FFMI = fat-free mass index; TBW = total body water
Measurement 1 = baseline; Measurement 2 = 6 months; Measurement 3 = 12 months
FIGURE 2.
Mean difference between the 3rd and 1st measurement for each parameter with 95% confidence interval, shown for GLIMpositive and GLIM-negative patients in the control and intervention group.
BMI = body mass index; FFMI = fat-free mass index; GLIM = Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition; TBW = total body water
TABLE 3.
Comparison of body composition changes (3rd–1st measurement) between intervention and control groups, stratified by GLIM status
| Parameter | GLIM | Mean difference (intervention – control) | t-value | Diference | p-value | Adjusted p-value | Lower limit | Higher limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FFMI | 0 | -0.03 | -0.44 | 270.1 | 0.662 | 1.0 | -0.18 | 0.12 |
| FFMI | 1 | 0.30 | 2.43 | 104.0 | 0.017 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.54 |
| BMI | 0 | -0.17 | -0.94 | 295.1 | 0.350 | 1.0 | -0.54 | 0.19 |
| BMI | 1 | 0.43 | 1.44 | 96.4 | 0.154 | 1.0 | -0.16 | 1.02 |
| TBW | 0 | 0.19 | 0.69 | 284.9 | 0.492 | 1.0 | -0.36 | 0.75 |
| TBW | 1 | -0.51 | -0.88 | 83.6 | 0.380 | 1.0 | -1.66 | 0.64 |
| FM | 0 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 309.8 | 0.894 | 1.0 | -0.72 | 0.82 |
| FM | 1 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 84.2 | 0.869 | 1.0 | -2.35 | 2.78 |
| phase angle (°) | 0 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 257.8 | 0.744 | 1.0 | -0.09 | 0.13 |
| phase angle (°) | 1 | -0.25 | -0.25 | 67.1 | 0.806 | 1.0 | -0.04 | 0.31 |