Timed saliva sampling as a new reliable marker for assessing iodine intake
References
- WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers. 3rd edition. [Internet]. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data; 2007. [cited 2025 Oct 30]. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241595827
- Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev 2009; 30: 376-408. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0011
- Hetzel BS. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and their eradication. Lancet 1983; 322: 1126-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90636-0
- Sallsten G, Barregard L. Variability of urinary creatinine in healthy individuals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 1-12. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063166
- Gaberšček S, Zaletel K. Thyroid physiology and autoimmunity in pregnancy and after delivery. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7: 697-707. doi: 10.1586/eci.11.42
- Portulano C, Paroder-Belenitsky M, Carrasco N. The Na+/I-Symporter (NIS): mechanism and medical impact. Endocr Rev 2014; 35: 106-49. doi: 10.1210/er.2012-1036
- Shelor CP, Dasgupta PK. Review of analytical methods for the quantification of iodine in complex matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702: 16-36. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.039
- Jooste PL, Strydom E. Methods for determination of iodine in urine and salt. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24: 77-88. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.006
- Sandell EB, Kolthoff IM. Micro determination of iodine by a catalytic method. Mikrochim Acta 1937; 1: 9-25. doi: 10.1007/BF01476194
- Oblak A, Imperl J, Kolar M, Marolt G, Krhin B, Zaletel K, et al. Introduction of a spectrophotometric method for salivary iodine determination on microplate based on Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Radiol Oncol 2024; 58: 357-65. doi: 10.2478/raon-2024-0035
- Flieger J, Kawka J, Tatarczak-Michalewska M. Levels of the thiocyanate in the saliva of tobacco smokers in comparison to e-cigarette smokers and nonsmokers measured by HPLC on a phosphatidylcholine column. Molecules 2019; 24: 3790. doi: 10.3390/molecules24203790
- Guo W, Dong S, Jin Y, Pan Z, Pearce ENe, Wuet W, et al. Evaluation of variation of saliva iodine and recommendations for sample size and sampling time: Implications for assessing iodine nutritional status. Clin Nutr 2021; 40: 3559-66. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.010
- Oblak A, Biček A, Pirnat E, Zaletel K, Gaberšček S. First estimation of reference intervals for thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones in Slovenian population. Acta Chim Slov 2021; 68: 488-93. doi: 10.17344/acsi.2020.5922
- Oblak A, Arohonka P, Erlund I, Kuzmanovska S, Zaletel K, Gaberšček S. Validation of a spectrophotometric method for urinary iodine determination on microplate based on Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Lab Med 2022; 53: 376-80. doi: 10.1093/labmed/lmab117
- Pino S, Fang SL, Braverman LE. Ammonium persulfate: a safe alternative oxidizing reagent for measuring urinary iodine. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 239-43. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/42.2.239
- Guo W, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Dong S, Wu W, et al. Saliva iodine concentration in children and its association with iodine status and thyroid function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105: 3451-9. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa471
- Zimmermann MB, Andersson M. Global endocrinology: Global perspectives in endocrinology: coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185: R13-21. doi: 10.1530/EJE-21-0171
- Gunnarsdóttir I, Brantsæter AL. Iodine: a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67: 10369. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10369
- Oblak A, Hribar M, Hristov H, Gregorič M, Blaznik U, Osredkar J, et al. Interpreting urinary iodine concentration: effects of urine dilution and collection timing. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78: 1105-10. doi: 10.1038/s41430-024-01492-y
- Žmitek K, Pravst I. Iodisation of salt in Slovenia: Increased availability of non-iodised salt in the food supply. Nutrients 2016; 8: 434. doi: 10.3390/nu8070434
- Kugler S, Blaznik U, Rehberger M, Zaletel M, Korošec A, Somrak M, et al. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion in adult population of Slovenia: results of the Manjsoli.si/2022 study. Public Health NutR 2024; 27: e163. doi: 10.1017/S1368980024001605
- Miler M, Šimundić AM. Low level of adherence to instructions for 24-hour urine collection among hospital outpatients. Biochem Medica 2013; 23: 316-20. doi: 10.11613/bm.2013.038
- Bruger M, Member S. On the excretion of iodine in the saliva. Am J Physiol Content 1943; 139: 212-6. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1943.139.2.212
- Venturi S, Venturi M. Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health. Nutr Health 2009; 20: 119-34. doi: 10.1177/026010600902000204
- Akiba Y, Leung AM, Bashir MT, Ebrahimi R, W Currier JW, Neverova N, et al. Excess iodine exposure acutely increases salivary iodide and antimicrobial hypoiodous acid concentrations in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 20935. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23803-8
- Ship JA, Fischer DJ. The relationship between dehydration and parotid salivary gland function in young and older healthy adults. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997; 52: M310-9. doi: 10.1093/gerona/52a.5.m310
- Rosinger A Herrick K. U.S. Department of health and human services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Daily water intake among U.S. men and women, 2009-2012. NCHS Data Br 2016; 242: 1-8.
- Noble RE. Salivary alpha-amylase and lysozyme levels: A non-invasive technique for measuring parotid vs submandibular/sublingual gland activity. J Oral Sci 2000; 42: 83-6. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.42.83
- Hedman J, Dalin E, Rasmusson B, Ansell R. Evaluation of amylase testing as a tool for saliva screening of crime scene trace swabs. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 5: 194-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.03.003
Language: English
Page range: 339 - 345
Submitted on: Mar 11, 2026
Accepted on: Jul 6, 2026
Published on: Sep 7, 2026
Published by: Association of Radiology and Oncology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Adrijana Oblak, Jernej Imperl, Mitja Kolar, Gregor Marolt, Blaz Krhin, Katja Zaletel, Simona Gaberscek, published by Association of Radiology and Oncology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.