FIGURE 1.
Expression of laminin subunit alpha 3 (LAMA3) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and normal tissues from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (A) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (B–E). Expression of LAMA3 in 179 PDAC and 332 normal tissues from TCGA (A); Expression of LAMA3 in 45 PDAC and 45 normal tissues from GSE28735 cohort (B); Expression of LAMA3 in 69 PDAC and 61 normal tissues from GSE62452 cohort (C); Expression of LAMA3 in 24 PDAC and 19 normal tissues from GSE101448 cohort (D); Expression of LAMA3 in 118 PDAC and 13 normal tissues from GSE62165 cohort (E).
****P < 0.001.
FIGURE 2.
The expression of laminin subunit alpha 3 (LAMA3) for prediction of overall survival (OS) and relapse free survival (RFS) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). OS (A), RFS (B).
TABLE 1.
Characteristics of all patients
| Characteristics | All | LAMA3 expression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (n = 62) | Low (n = 55) | P- value | ||
| Age(year), mean±SD | 62.43 ± 9.33 | 62.19 ± 9.38 | 62.69 ± 9.36 | 0.775 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.615 | |||
| Male | 73 (62.4) | 40 | 33 | |
| Female | 64 (37.6) | 22 | 22 | |
| Tumor location, n (%) | 0.054 | |||
| Head | 70 (59.8) | 32 | 38 | |
| Body and tail | 47 (40.2) | 30 | 17 | |
| Tumor size, n (%) | 0.007 | |||
| ≤ 2 cm | 5 (4.3) | 2 | 3 | |
| > 2 cm and ≤ 4 cm | 81 (69.2) | 37 | 44 | |
| > 4 cm | 31 (26.5) | 23 | 8 | |
| Histological grade, n (%) | 0.810 | |||
| G1 | 31 (26.5) | 17 | 14 | |
| G2–3 | 86 (73.5) | 45 | 41 | |
| TNM stage, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| I–II | 92 (78.6) | 42 | 50 | |
| III–IV | 25 (21.4) | 20 | 5 | |
| Perineural invasion, n (%) | 0.921 | |||
| Yes | 91 (77.8) | 48 | 43 | |
| No | 26 (22.2) | 14 | 12 | |
| Vascular invasion, n (%) | 0.340 | |||
| Yes | 37 (31.6) | 22 | 15 | |
| No | 80 (68.4) | 40 | 40 | |
| Lymph node metastasis, n (%) | 0.255 | |||
| Yes | 49 (41.9) | 29 | 20 | |
| No | 68 (58.2) | 33 | 35 | |
| Liver metastasis, n (%) | 0.005 | |||
| Yes | 45 | 30 | 15 | |
| No | 72 | 29 | 43 | |
| CEA (ng/ml) | 0.392 | |||
| ≤ 12 | 108 (92.3) | 56 | 52 | |
| > 12 | 9 (7.7) | 6 | 3 | |
| CA19-9 (U/ml) | 0.395 | |||
| ≤ 282 | 74 (63.2) | 37 | 37 | |
| > 282 | 43 (36.8) | 25 | 18 | |
| Surgical modalities, n (%) | 0.036 | |||
| Pancreaticoduodenectomy | 69 (59) | 31 | 38 | |
| Distal pancreatectomy | 48 (41) | 31 | 17 | |
| Postoperative chemotherapy, n (%) | 0.77 | |||
| Yes | 60 | 40 | 20 | |
| No | 57 | 41 | 16 | |
| Postoperative radiotherapy, n (%) | 0.063 | |||
| Yes | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| No | 114 | 79 | 35 | |
| Immunotherapy, n (%) | 0.068 | |||
| Yes | 6 | 4 | 2 | |
| No | 111 | 77 | 34 | |
| Interventional therapy, n (%) | 0.374 | |||
| Yes | 4 | 4 | ||
| No | 114 | 77 | 36 | |
[i] CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9 = carbohydrate antigen 19-9; LAMA3 = laminin subunit alpha 3
FIGURE 3.
Representative immunohistochemical staining of laminin subunit alpha 3 (LAMA3) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and adjacent normal tissue. High expression of LAMA3 in PDAC tissue (A) compared with adjacent tissue (B). Low expression of LAMA3 in PDAC tissue (C) compared with adjacent tissue (D). Magnification, ×400
TABLE 2.
Univariate analysis of clinicopathological characteristics in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with and without liver metastasis
| Characteristics | Liver metastasis (n = 45) | Without liver metastasis (n = 72) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), M (IQR) | 63 (58–69) | 63 (56–68) | 0.814 |
| Sex, n | 0.717 | ||
| Male | 29 | 44 | |
| Female | 16 | 28 | |
| Tumor location, n | 0.456 | ||
| Head | 25 | 45 | |
| Body and tail | 20 | 27 | |
| Tumor size, n | 0.240 | ||
| ≤ 2 cm | 2 | 3 | |
| > 2 cm and ≤4 cm | 28 | 53 | |
| > 4 cm | 15 | 16 | |
| Histological grade, n | 0.001 | ||
| G1 | 20 | 11 | |
| G2–3 | 25 | 61 | |
| TNM stage, n | 0.013 | ||
| I–II | 30 | 62 | |
| III–IV | 15 | 10 | |
| Perineural invasion, n | 0.170 | ||
| Yes | 38 | 53 | |
| No | 7 | 19 | |
| Vascular invasion, n | 0.018 | ||
| Yes | 20 | 17 | |
| No | 25 | 55 | |
| Lymph node metastasis, n | 0.110 | ||
| Yes | 23 | 26 | |
| No | 22 | 46 | |
| CEA (ng/ml) | 0.701 | ||
| ≤ 12 | 41 | 67 | |
| > 12 | 4 | 5 | |
| CA19-9 (U/ml) | 0.832 | ||
| ≤ 282 | 29 | 45 | |
| > 282 | 16 | 27 | |
| LAMA3 expression, n | 0.005 | ||
| High | 30 | 29 | |
| Low | 15 | 43 |
[i] CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9 = carbohydrate antigen 19-9; LAMA3 = laminin subunit alpha 3
FIGURE 4.
Representative immunohistochemical staining of laminin subunit alpha 3 (LAMA3) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with and without liver metastasis. Low expression of LAMA3 in PDAC tissues (A) without liver metastatic. High expression of LAMA3 in PDAC tissues (B) with liver metastasis. Magnification, ×400.
FIGURE 5.
The expression of laminin subunit alpha 3 (LAMA3) for prediction of overall survival (OS) in patients with Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Survival analysis was carried out with Kaplan-Meier and checked by log-rank test.
TABLE 3.
Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses of overall survival
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR 95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age | 1.009 (0.985–1.035) | 0.459 | 1.009 (0.983–1.035) | 0.512 |
| Sex | 1.346 (0.850–2.131) | 0.205 | 0.696 (0.435–1.112) | 0.696 |
| Tumor location (head vs. body and tail) | 0.895 (0.573–1.399) | 0.628 | 0.780 (0.474–1.283) | 0.327 |
| Tumor size | ||||
| ≤ 2 cm vs. > 4 cm | 0.543 (0.186–1.583) | 0.263 | 0.626 (0.191–2.054) | 0.440 |
| > 2 cm and ≤ 4 cm vs. > 4 cm | 0.607 (0.373–0.987) | 0.044 | 0.637 (0.337–1.204) | 0.165 |
| Histological grade (G1 vs. G2–3) | 1.263 (0.778–2.049) | 0.345 | 1.378 (0.797–2.383) | 0.251 |
| TNM stage (I–II vs. III–IV) | 0.374 (0.227–0.615) | < 0.001 | 1.505 (0.855–2.647) | 0.157 |
| Perineural invasion (yes vs. no) | 0.803 (0.464–1.389) | 0.432 | 1.158 (0.611–2.196) | 0.652 |
| Vascular invasion (yes vs. no) | 0.693 (0.442–1.085) | 0.109 | 0.912 (0.529–1.572) | 0.741 |
| Lymph node metastasis (yes vs. no) | 0.796 (0.513–1.235) | 0.308 | 0.883 (0.548–1.423) | 0.609 |
| Liver metastasis (yes vs. no) | 0.364 (0.231–0.574) | < 0.001 | 2.284 (1.426–3.657) | 0.001 |
| CEA (≤12 vs. >12) | 0.512 (0.256–1.026) | 0.059 | 1.622 (0.788–3.340) | 0.189 |
| CA19-9(≤282 vs. >282) | 0.969 (0.613–1.533) | 0.894 | 0.963 (0.560–1.655) | 0.891 |
| LAMA3 (low vs. high) | 0.407 (0.259–0.641) | < 0.001 | 2.016 (1.257–3.234) | 0.004 |
[i] CA19-9 = carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen; CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; LAMA3 = laminin subunit alpha 3