FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 3.
![Heat map of Pearson’s correlation r and p value between CT numbers (combined different calcium-suppressed [CaSupp] indices with measured locations) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647356844e662f30ba53ab9b/j_raon-2024-0003_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL33A6BUB%2F20251212%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251212T162147Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDsaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIFdA6vGFBlk5nltuG56BTAaoKZMEP%2BbnAJPe33ikb54cAiEA5rgdtY3rCYV6RfOsjKlLCOp%2BZzD04qBdAn3g4s6YALUqvQUIBBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOj%2BXjBHiaHd3dIMxCqaBdIY8b%2FaRxu4DJcXCkZdN4ZOPDSTbE3jGUOlaJvKQcj8YlKPYJ0GQBqTluSpAo5MhHlfuoBed0fdMcXCfvRAB1cjO6RnzbNdfZCXekM7HC7XmRFb3RLfG5kjII6%2BRiZXpbmrR4MYaHClHwiiSTbr9LtC6F4bs6UQsJCXNsGbFJAQw1%2FiFIqIvqv7uqJkuS21C5s5rE5ttDJDLQgZPXIlflCSxPOz0HqYu8b%2BGi%2BruKODjD9%2BKoaIK3cvypW9IpR03TtwE1s%2Ft2xDv%2Bip%2Bc%2BBHEbDw0w37q2lxsPSNNXtHccqIDjz1ixyKDOOVO50xqvEU67hIBSZMQyK1tn7lyjove8ZjDskEbvCkaUDmOT3qtht4gY8jKQMMB1ezD0OYDpqBkOVB%2Fb9Fb3Z73SjHWrFQnC2bBzP8WJZaAemBSph30%2F6gMVPnu7L7693AQUIL1rvMvyrHq%2BrSoxyHOI%2BwHBrAxBFGDl6AKi3a0A1tsvr6GKpLQzQxOGZVN731twtvN%2Ffwc9SUp1lJCL%2BNaSsSttO8xxVdHhVDWJHMsbKJXxeXbjJDkshdWOjTHO6OHvUgNTeA3%2FbVleDS4WXOu5u6Qzy3s6iWRzMguuxcn%2FWNDdkLZWjGRtGVh%2BjOd72hS4zyPnrN7cOww%2BMLJgS%2BLePnMzco0%2FglzzFgEjYNtkitSJb4Cd2%2Blq3Y1GgIMvOUtDeLl9eqbHbRJIz2ouIQ91MvQpr0N%2FsxyX0SGsPoKDt541wurDuTC9JsmSD%2BzMWyxn3bYFQ1OuF8jImHHVsxmGi6MGEeQiXI6eFzLdlq8U7ZR%2BG39Wg4OLMVJB8%2BMpusUkq1wNV%2BIhbNenN4GlQeU8FZ23l3LwQdj9W5XCMEnsnVFCcu3GzXLiLoePv2LzTCDC84%2B%2FJBjqxATTSFQ5kMAdQkmp1qEWjvLPGL2sYmw9ZgRDjiDGgpeeCPWMdDRtTcZwQ0MwGx7Awem7%2Fok7VAqr%2F8ycpZZm8CQMb9%2BqztGbsHcqBpIYTUL0794aKkVmpdBLbSxHjNet%2B%2FdVdfFvGeohddQqZwlmKWfjN1B2dFSC19fqjbP1RL6xqDFVVqQCS9P7q2VFZpl0J0%2B%2FdRc2vVlKYslyDGsgSCBC4YB11DrEnYxeYoxIKVqBA1w%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8fe805275e56c10102033351428f7f232feca5b8be2f3bd1ee97dfe6c6e10a89&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
FIGURE 4.
![Bivariate correlation between CT number (averaged L1−L5 at calcium-suppressed [CaSupp] index 85) and plasma cell infiltration rate (PCIR) confirmed by bone marrow biopsy. The Pearson’s r yields 0.835 with p value < 0.001.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647356844e662f30ba53ab9b/j_raon-2024-0003_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL33A6BUB%2F20251212%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251212T162147Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDsaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIFdA6vGFBlk5nltuG56BTAaoKZMEP%2BbnAJPe33ikb54cAiEA5rgdtY3rCYV6RfOsjKlLCOp%2BZzD04qBdAn3g4s6YALUqvQUIBBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOj%2BXjBHiaHd3dIMxCqaBdIY8b%2FaRxu4DJcXCkZdN4ZOPDSTbE3jGUOlaJvKQcj8YlKPYJ0GQBqTluSpAo5MhHlfuoBed0fdMcXCfvRAB1cjO6RnzbNdfZCXekM7HC7XmRFb3RLfG5kjII6%2BRiZXpbmrR4MYaHClHwiiSTbr9LtC6F4bs6UQsJCXNsGbFJAQw1%2FiFIqIvqv7uqJkuS21C5s5rE5ttDJDLQgZPXIlflCSxPOz0HqYu8b%2BGi%2BruKODjD9%2BKoaIK3cvypW9IpR03TtwE1s%2Ft2xDv%2Bip%2Bc%2BBHEbDw0w37q2lxsPSNNXtHccqIDjz1ixyKDOOVO50xqvEU67hIBSZMQyK1tn7lyjove8ZjDskEbvCkaUDmOT3qtht4gY8jKQMMB1ezD0OYDpqBkOVB%2Fb9Fb3Z73SjHWrFQnC2bBzP8WJZaAemBSph30%2F6gMVPnu7L7693AQUIL1rvMvyrHq%2BrSoxyHOI%2BwHBrAxBFGDl6AKi3a0A1tsvr6GKpLQzQxOGZVN731twtvN%2Ffwc9SUp1lJCL%2BNaSsSttO8xxVdHhVDWJHMsbKJXxeXbjJDkshdWOjTHO6OHvUgNTeA3%2FbVleDS4WXOu5u6Qzy3s6iWRzMguuxcn%2FWNDdkLZWjGRtGVh%2BjOd72hS4zyPnrN7cOww%2BMLJgS%2BLePnMzco0%2FglzzFgEjYNtkitSJb4Cd2%2Blq3Y1GgIMvOUtDeLl9eqbHbRJIz2ouIQ91MvQpr0N%2FsxyX0SGsPoKDt541wurDuTC9JsmSD%2BzMWyxn3bYFQ1OuF8jImHHVsxmGi6MGEeQiXI6eFzLdlq8U7ZR%2BG39Wg4OLMVJB8%2BMpusUkq1wNV%2BIhbNenN4GlQeU8FZ23l3LwQdj9W5XCMEnsnVFCcu3GzXLiLoePv2LzTCDC84%2B%2FJBjqxATTSFQ5kMAdQkmp1qEWjvLPGL2sYmw9ZgRDjiDGgpeeCPWMdDRtTcZwQ0MwGx7Awem7%2Fok7VAqr%2F8ycpZZm8CQMb9%2BqztGbsHcqBpIYTUL0794aKkVmpdBLbSxHjNet%2B%2FdVdfFvGeohddQqZwlmKWfjN1B2dFSC19fqjbP1RL6xqDFVVqQCS9P7q2VFZpl0J0%2B%2FdRc2vVlKYslyDGsgSCBC4YB11DrEnYxeYoxIKVqBA1w%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=5d389660895b3ce4ddab1f1d0ec7fab9933d703a6d6578a5bb5e3ab442b38247&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
FIGURE 5.
![Receiver operating characteristic curves for CT number (averaged L1−L5 at calcium-suppressed [CaSupp] index 85) to predict “high serum-free light chains (SFLC) ratio” (A) and “cytogenetic status” (B).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647356844e662f30ba53ab9b/j_raon-2024-0003_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL33A6BUB%2F20251212%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251212T162147Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDsaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIFdA6vGFBlk5nltuG56BTAaoKZMEP%2BbnAJPe33ikb54cAiEA5rgdtY3rCYV6RfOsjKlLCOp%2BZzD04qBdAn3g4s6YALUqvQUIBBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOj%2BXjBHiaHd3dIMxCqaBdIY8b%2FaRxu4DJcXCkZdN4ZOPDSTbE3jGUOlaJvKQcj8YlKPYJ0GQBqTluSpAo5MhHlfuoBed0fdMcXCfvRAB1cjO6RnzbNdfZCXekM7HC7XmRFb3RLfG5kjII6%2BRiZXpbmrR4MYaHClHwiiSTbr9LtC6F4bs6UQsJCXNsGbFJAQw1%2FiFIqIvqv7uqJkuS21C5s5rE5ttDJDLQgZPXIlflCSxPOz0HqYu8b%2BGi%2BruKODjD9%2BKoaIK3cvypW9IpR03TtwE1s%2Ft2xDv%2Bip%2Bc%2BBHEbDw0w37q2lxsPSNNXtHccqIDjz1ixyKDOOVO50xqvEU67hIBSZMQyK1tn7lyjove8ZjDskEbvCkaUDmOT3qtht4gY8jKQMMB1ezD0OYDpqBkOVB%2Fb9Fb3Z73SjHWrFQnC2bBzP8WJZaAemBSph30%2F6gMVPnu7L7693AQUIL1rvMvyrHq%2BrSoxyHOI%2BwHBrAxBFGDl6AKi3a0A1tsvr6GKpLQzQxOGZVN731twtvN%2Ffwc9SUp1lJCL%2BNaSsSttO8xxVdHhVDWJHMsbKJXxeXbjJDkshdWOjTHO6OHvUgNTeA3%2FbVleDS4WXOu5u6Qzy3s6iWRzMguuxcn%2FWNDdkLZWjGRtGVh%2BjOd72hS4zyPnrN7cOww%2BMLJgS%2BLePnMzco0%2FglzzFgEjYNtkitSJb4Cd2%2Blq3Y1GgIMvOUtDeLl9eqbHbRJIz2ouIQ91MvQpr0N%2FsxyX0SGsPoKDt541wurDuTC9JsmSD%2BzMWyxn3bYFQ1OuF8jImHHVsxmGi6MGEeQiXI6eFzLdlq8U7ZR%2BG39Wg4OLMVJB8%2BMpusUkq1wNV%2BIhbNenN4GlQeU8FZ23l3LwQdj9W5XCMEnsnVFCcu3GzXLiLoePv2LzTCDC84%2B%2FJBjqxATTSFQ5kMAdQkmp1qEWjvLPGL2sYmw9ZgRDjiDGgpeeCPWMdDRtTcZwQ0MwGx7Awem7%2Fok7VAqr%2F8ycpZZm8CQMb9%2BqztGbsHcqBpIYTUL0794aKkVmpdBLbSxHjNet%2B%2FdVdfFvGeohddQqZwlmKWfjN1B2dFSC19fqjbP1RL6xqDFVVqQCS9P7q2VFZpl0J0%2B%2FdRc2vVlKYslyDGsgSCBC4YB11DrEnYxeYoxIKVqBA1w%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=70c417ddbcc8a59d255f0a3eda0167b0318d61a1c0122ccc3484c26509f354e4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Means and standard deviations of MRI apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and CT numbers in virtual calcium subtraction (VNCa) images for all measured locations
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | Averaged L1−L5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADC | 554.12±177.42 | 520.02±171.74 | 546.19±179.75 | 523.20±175.14 | 524.3±173.17 | 536.30±163.93 |
| CaSupp 25 | −236.58±77.07 | −227.60±73.00 | −217.83±83.35 | −225.40±82.36 | −244.67±79.27 | −221.19±78.89 |
| CaSupp 35 | −138.15±46.58 | −131.15±43.86 | −127.11±51.4 | −133.38±49.30 | −143.10±48.23 | −128.84±47.37 |
| CaSupp 45 | −82.04±30.19 | −77.33±28.86 | −75.38±34.45 | −81.01±31.32 | −85.24±31.31 | −76.42±30.10 |
| CaSupp 55 | −45.12±20.87 | −41.925±20.70 | −41.32±24.80 | −46.57±20.95 | −47.08±21.44 | −41.92±19.91 |
| CaSupp 65 | −18.50±16.35 | −16.38±17.05 | −16.79±19.89 | −21.71±15.83 | −19.71±16.14 | −17.07±14.58 |
| CaSupp 75 | 2.03±15.39 | 3.29±16.53 | 2.12±18.3 | −2.58±14.9 | 1.42±14.54 | 2.08±13.26 |
| CaSupp 85 | 18.63±16.60 | 19.22±17.75 | 17.45±18.93 | 12.93±16.52 | 18.55±15.37 | 17.61±14.59 |
| CaSupp 95 | 32.46±19.15 | 32.46±20.12 | 30.25±20.75 | 25.98±19.16 | 33.00±17.41 | 30.59±17.20 |
Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | n |
|---|---|
| Age* | 57.9 ± 8.1 |
| Sex# | |
| Males | 26 (55.3%) |
| Females | 21 (44.7%) |
| Myeloma subtypes# | |
| IgG | 32 (68.1%) |
| IgA | 10 (21.3%) |
| Light chain | 5 (10.6%) |
| Plasma cell infiltration ratio obtained from the wing of ilium* | 0.54 ± 0.30 |
| Kappa/lambda SFLC ratio# | |
| High (< 0.01 or > 100) | 27 (57.4%) |
| Low (0.01−100) | 20 (42.6%) |
| Cytogenetic status# | |
| HRC | 26 (55.3%) |
| SRC | 21 (44.7%) |