Figure 1
Structure and composition of hyperspectral images and physiological parameters derived from the images, which are typically displayed in false color.
NIR PI = near-infrared perfusion index; OHI = organ hemoglobin index; StO2 = oxygen saturation of tissue; TWI = tissue water index
Figure 2
Flow diagram of the selection strategy.
Taken from Pfahl et al.15 and reprinted with permission from the publisher.
Figure 3
Images of the kidney depicting the percentage of HbO2 as a function of color. A dark red represents high values while the yellows and greens indicate lower values.
Taken from Best et al.34 and reprinted with permission from the publisher.
Table 1
Included articles reporting the use of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to quantify perfusion changes in clinical applications in oncology
| Reference | Year of publication | Number of patients | Oncologic intervention | System | Algorithm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kidneys | |||||
| Best34 Eye | 2013 | 26 | Partial nephrectomy | DLP HSI, 520–645 nm | Supervised multivariate least squares regression |
| Rose35 Breasts | 2018 | 8 | Radiation retinopathy | Tunable laser, 520–620 nm with 5 nm steps | PHYSPEC software (Photon etc., Montreal, QC, Canada) |
| Chin36 | 2017 | 43 | Skin response to radiation | OxyVu-2TM (Hypermed, Inc., Waltham, MA), 500–600 nm | The OxyVu-2TM software (Hypermed, Inc., Waltham, MA) |
| Pruimboom8 | 2022 | 10 | Mastectomy skin flap necrosis | TIVITA™ (Diaspective Vision GmbH, Am Salzhaff, Germany), 500– 1000 nm with 5 nm step | TIVITA™ (Diaspective Vision GmbH, Am Salzhaff, Germany) |
| Brain | |||||
| Fabelo37 | 2018 | 22 | Craniotomy for resection of intraaxial brain tumor | Hyperspec VNIR A-Series (HeadWall Photonics, Massachusetts, USA), 400–1000 nm | Spectral angle mapper |
| Fabelo38 | 2018 | 5 | Craniotomy for resection of intraaxial brain tumor; all 5 patients with grade IV glioblastoma | As in Fabelo37 | As in Fabelo37 |
| Fabelo39 | 2019 | 6 | Craniotomy for resection of intra-axial brain tumor; all 6 patients with grade IV glioblastoma | As in Fabelo37 | As in Fabelo37 |
| Fabelo40 | 2019 | 22 | Craniotomy for resection of intraaxial brain tumor | As in Fabelo37 | As in Fabelo37 |
| Entire GI tract | |||||
| Jansen-Winkeln41 [Article in German] | 2018 | 47 | Gastrointestinal surgery with esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, small bowel or colorectal anastomoses | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Upper GI tract | |||||
| Kohler9 | 2019 | 22 | Hybrid or open esophagectomy followed by reconstruction of gastric conduit | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Moulla42 [Article in German] | 2020 | Video presentation of hybrid esophagectomy | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 | |
| Schwandner43 | 2020 | 4 | Hybrid esophagectomy followed by reconstructing gastric conduit | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Hennig44 | 2021 | 13 | Hybrid esophagectomy followed by reconstructing gastric conduit | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Moulla45 | 2021 | 20 | Pancreatoduodenectomy | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Lower GI tract | |||||
| Jansen-Winkeln46 | 2019 | 24 | Colorectal resection | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Jansen-Winkeln47 | 2020 | 32 | Colorectal resection | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Pfahl48 | 2022 | 128 | Colorectal resection | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Jansen-Winkeln49 | 2021 | 54 | Colorectal resection | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Jansen-Winkeln50 | 2022 | 115 | Colorectal resection | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
| Barberio51 | 2022 | 52 | Colorectal resection | As in Pruimboom8 | As in Pruimboom8 |
[i] GI = gastrointestinal
Figure 4
(A) Red-Green-Blue (RGB) representation of the imaged brain, including normal and tumor tissue. (B) Extraction of blood vessels from hyperspectral images using the spectral angle mapper algorithm (SAM). (C) Tissue classification map generated from hyperspectral images: tumor tissue is red, normal tissue is green, blood vessels are blue, and background is black.
Taken from Fabelo et al.38 and reprinted with permission from the publisher.
Figure 5
Comparison of Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images and near-infrared perfusion index (NIR PI) images recorded in a patient with (A, B) and without postoperative anastomotic insufficiency (C, D).
Taken from Köhler et al.9 and reprinted with permission from the publisher.
Figure 6
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) acquisition system in the operating room. Hyperspectral images were acquired within a few seconds with physiologic HSI parameters displayed in false colors.
Taken from Moulla et al.45 and reprinted with permission from the publisher.
Figure 7
Usefulness of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in establishing transection line during colorectal surgery. The Red-Green-Blue (RGB) image (A) and StO2 map (B) show a patient in whom the clinical transection line (continuous line in black) and HSI transection line (dotted line in blue) were aligned; (C) and (D) show the RGB image and StO2 map, respectively, of a patient in whom the clinical transection line deviated from the HSI transection line.
Taken from Barberio et al.51 and reprinted with permission from the publisher.