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Development of a computational pregnant female phantom and calculation of fetal dose during a photon breast radiotherapy

Open Access
|Oct 2022

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Magnified view of the computational phantom’s lower abdomen and pelvis viewed as rendered polygon mesh in the computer 3D modeling software, showing the position of the 18-week-old fetus (in RST position) and placenta in relation to the uterus and the body of the mother. The fetus is shown in light gray colour, the amniotic fluid in transparent blue, the placenta in green, the uterus in transparent purple, and the body of the mother in olive green color.
Magnified view of the computational phantom’s lower abdomen and pelvis viewed as rendered polygon mesh in the computer 3D modeling software, showing the position of the 18-week-old fetus (in RST position) and placenta in relation to the uterus and the body of the mother. The fetus is shown in light gray colour, the amniotic fluid in transparent blue, the placenta in green, the uterus in transparent purple, and the body of the mother in olive green color.

Figure 2

The mesh version of the Tena phantom without skin and soft tissues (A) and with the skin and soft tissues that are shown in transparent light brown color (B). The uterus is shown in transparent purple for a better view of the fetus and its position in space and in relation to other organs.
The mesh version of the Tena phantom without skin and soft tissues (A) and with the skin and soft tissues that are shown in transparent light brown color (B). The uterus is shown in transparent purple for a better view of the fetus and its position in space and in relation to other organs.

Figure 3

Voxelized phantom displayed using MCNP plotter.
Voxelized phantom displayed using MCNP plotter.

Figure 4

Beam arrangements in Eclipse.
Beam arrangements in Eclipse.

Figure 5

Beam Eye View of Field F1, where leafs are represented as transparent rectangles with blue edges. And PTV is colored in green.
Beam Eye View of Field F1, where leafs are represented as transparent rectangles with blue edges. And PTV is colored in green.

Figure 6

Spectra for F1 of the photons coming from the accelerator head and all the photons reaching the fetus (A); Photon spectra in fetus for each field (B).
Spectra for F1 of the photons coming from the accelerator head and all the photons reaching the fetus (A); Photon spectra in fetus for each field (B).

Tena phantom formats and their characteristics

Mesh formatDICOMVoxelized
N° vertices1: 2889437 N° faces1: 5777800Slice thickness: 0.625 mm Distance between slices: 1.867 mm Matrix: 512 x 512 Pixel dimensions: 0.82 mmGrid size: 219 x 148 x 479 N° voxels: 1.55*10-7 Isovoxel size: 0.186 cm

Contribution of each field to the fetal dose_ Fetus and breast doses are normalized per source particle, field contribution to the breast dose is obtained from treatment planning system (TPS), and the breast/fetus ratio is calculated from normalized breast and fetus doses

FieldFetus dose per source particle [Gy/SP] 10-19Breast dose per source particle [Gy/SP] 10-19Field contribution to breast dose1Fetus dose normalized to field contribution [Gy/SP] 10-19Breast dose normalized to field contribution [Gy/SP] 10-19Ratio fetus / breast dose [mGy/Gy]
F11.45 ± 0.121000 ± 900.4370.634 ± 0.054437 ± 371.44
F21.05 ± 0.091070 ± 900.3780.399 ± 0,035404 ± 360.99
F31.03 ± 0.08993 ± 800.0640.066 ± 0,00563.5 ± 51.03
F40.270 ± 0.021010 ± 800.0570.015 ± 0.00157.3 ± 40.27
F50.854 ± 0.07449 ± 400.0640.055 ± 0,00528.7 ± 21.91
Total 1.169 ± 0.064992.5 ± 52
Total normalizedto prescribed dose 58.9 ± 3.7 mGy50 Gy*

Relative contribution to the absorbed dose in the fetus (%) originating in the linac or the phantom_ The ratio for each field of photons originating in linac or phantom is given in the last row

F1F2F3F4F5Overall
Linac (%)6.02.10.80.30.39.5
Phantom (%)37.735.75.65.46.190.5
Contribution ratio16.125.814.35.54.9

List of the tissues and organs in our developed mesh pregnant female phantom in 2nd trimester (Tena), including volume, mass (calculated as the product of tissue density according to ICRP 89 and segmented organ volume) and surface area

Tissue/organVolume (cm3)Mass (g)Surface area (cm2)
Adrenal glands5.15.240.2
Amniotic fluid423.4423.4381.7
Blood vessels/blood806.4854.81739.3
Bones, cortex (including
proximal humerus and femoral2443.44691.410667.3
heads)
Bone marrow (including proximal humerus and femoral723.4724.42365.7
heads)
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)1156.31214.1752.4
Colon, content454.2472.4825.5
Colon, wall287.2298.71914.3
Esophagus, content4.4042.0
Esophagus, wall12.212.5123.3
Eyeballs12.413.132.9
Fetus, 17 week old123.0129.2200.6
Gall bladder, content15.515.942.3
Gall bladder, wall15.616.1104.1
Kidneys312.3327.9340.4
Liver1780.41869.51133.2
Lungs3937.11515.82385.4
Myocardium221.6232.7804.1
Pancreas85.289.4161.3
Parotid glands24.124.964.8
Placenta142.7145.5216.8
Soft tissue tissues and (skin) muscles, adipose36080.4136802.0239186.9
Spleen391.2406.9345.0
Stomach, duodenum and small intestine, content570.3593.11176.1
Stomach, duodenum and small intestine, wall425.2442.22717.9
Submandibular glands5.35.522.0
Thyroid gland10.010.43990.0
Upper airways (nasal cavity,
pharynx and larynx) and136.90.1426.7
trachea/air
Urinary bladder, content11.111.638.6
Urinary bladder, wall21.522.2104.7
Uterus (myometrium)552.5580.1917.6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2022-0039 | Journal eISSN: 1581-3207 | Journal ISSN: 1318-2099
Language: English
Page range: 541 - 551
Submitted on: Jul 28, 2022
Accepted on: Aug 1, 2022
Published on: Oct 20, 2022
Published by: Association of Radiology and Oncology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2022 Vjekoslav Kopacin, Mladen Kasabasic, Dario Faj, Marijke de Saint Hubert, Stipe Galic, Ana Ivkovic, Marija Majer, Hrvoje Brkic, published by Association of Radiology and Oncology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.