The learning curve of laparoscopic liver resection utilising a difficulty score

Figures & Tables

Baseline characteristics	N^a,b
Male sex^a	104 (60.8%)
Age (years)^b	64 (20-86, 15)
BMI (kg/m²)^b	27 (18-50, 4.8)
	1 44 (25.7%)
ASA score^a	2 73 (42.7%)
	3 51 (29.8%)
	4 3 (1.8%)
Liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh (22)^a	A 33 (19.3%)
	B 4 (2.3%)
Previous abdominal surgery^a	41 (24.0%)
Previous liver resection^a	8 (4.6%)
Malignant tumour^a	128 (74.9%)
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy^a	25 (14.6%)
Max. diameter (mm)^b	38 (2-160, 33)
Number of tumours^a	1 (1-10, 0).
Deep location within liver^a	50 (29.2%)
Posterosuperior liver segments^a	49 (28.7%)

Intraoperative details and postoperative course	N^a,b
Anatomic resection (23) ^a	101 (59.1%)
Anatomically major resection (23) ^a	27 (15.8%)
Technically major resection (24)^a	29 (17.0%)
Operation time (min)^b	160 (25-450, 90)
Blood loss (mL)^b	150 (0-2200, 180)
Intraoperative complication (10)^c	34 (19.9%)
Conversion to open approach^a	24 (14.0%)
Blood loss > 775 mL^a	12 (7.0%)
Unintentional damage to the surrounding structures^a	2 (1.2%)
Hepatic pedicle clamping^a	45 (26.3%)
Total hepatic pedicle clamping time (min)^b	8 (0-75, 10)
Transfusion required^a	20 (11.7%)
Pathohistological diagnosis
Colorectal liver metastases	53 (31%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	46 (29.6%)
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	14 (8.2%)
Other metastases	11 (6.4%)
Hepatic cysts	10 (5.8%)
Hepatic adenoma	6 (4.7%)
Focal nodular hyperplasia	8 (4.7%)
Haemangioma	6 (3.5%)
Other pathology	15 (8.8%)
R0 resection	163 (95.3%)
Major morbidity CD 3a–4b (25)^a	21 (12.3%)
Hospital stay (days)^b	6 (2-79, 4)