Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Comparison of monopolar and bipolar current for TURB1_9-14
| Variable | Monopolar | Bipolar |
|---|---|---|
| Dispersive electrode pad | yes | no |
| Energy | high | low |
| Voltage | high | low |
| Working medium | glycine | saline |
| Temperature at thermal effect (°C) | 400 | 40–70 |
| Time of resection | limited | (not extended strictly limited) |
| TUR syndrome | common | rare |
| Obturator jerk | common | rare |
| Quality of haemostasis and coagulum | poor | good |
2017 TNM classification of urinary bladder cancer 5
| T - primary tumour |
|---|
| TX Primary tumour cannot be assessed |
| T0 No evidence of primary tumour |
| Ta Non-invasive papillary carcinoma |
| Tis Carcinoma in situ: ‘flat tumour’ |
| T1 Tumour invades subepithelial connective tissue |
| T2 Tumour invades muscle |
| T2a Tumour invades superficial muscle (inner half) |
| T2b Tumour invades deep muscle (outer half) |
| T3 Tumour invades perivesical tissue |
| T3a Microscopically |
| T3b Macroscopically (extravesical mass) |
| T4 Tumour invades any of the following: prostate stroma, seminal vesicles, uterus, vagina, pelvic wall, abdominal wall |
| T4a Tumour invades prostate stroma, seminal vesicles, uterus or vagina |
| T4b Tumour invades pelvic wall or abdominal wall |
| N - regional lymph nodes |
| NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
| N0 No regional lymph node metastasis |
| N1 Metastasis in a single lymph node in the true pelvis (hypogastric, obturator, external iliac, or presacral) |
| N2 Metastasis in multiple regional lymph nodes in the true pelvis (hypogastric, obturator, external iliac, or presacral) |
| N3 Metastasis in common iliac lymph node(s) |
| M - distant metastasis |
| M0 No distant metastasis |
| M1a Non-regional lymph nodes |
| M1b Other distant metastases |