Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Decentralised Composting of Bio-Waste: A Case Study of The Łódź Agglomeration (Poland)

Rybaczewska-Błażejowska, Magdalena; Mazurek, Damian; Mazur, Marcin

doi:10.2478/quageo-2022-0041

Figures & Tables

The study area with its administrative division.Source: authors’ own elaboration.

ŁOM bio-waste flows by treatment and types of local government (gminas).R – recycling/composting, D – disposal operations, ŁOM – Łódzki Obszar MetropolitalnySource: authors’ own elaboration.

Flows of bio-waste generated within ŁOM by way of road linkages.ŁOM – Łódzki Obszar Metropolitalny; VFG – vegatable, fruit, and gardenSource: authors’ own elaboration.

Status quo and a decentralised system of biowaste management in ŁOM – impact categories.Source: authors’ own elaboration.

Environmental analysis – spatial distribution of environmental impact categories within ŁOM.ŁOM – Łódzki Obszar MetropolitalnySource: authors’ own elaboration.

Impact of decentralised composting on social sustainability per functional unit_

Name of gmina	Human toxicity (CTU)	Ozone depletion (kg CFC-11 eq)	Particulatematter formation (kg PM2.5 eq)	Tropospheric ozone formation (kg NO_x eq)	Ionising radiation (kBq Co-60 eq)
Aleksandrów Łódzki	6.67E−05	1.92E−04	7.98E−03	5.26E−02	6.66E−03
Andrespol	1.22E−05	3.84E−05	1.92E−03	1.08E−02	1.82E−03
Brójce	4.09E−06	9.66E−06	4.91E−04	4.64E−03	2.81E−04
Brzeziny (urban)	5.69E−05	6.40E−04	1.79E−02	8.77E−02	1.57E−02
Brzeziny (rural)	5.62E−06	1.64E−05	8.18E−04	5.35E−03	7.02E−04
Dłutów	9.77E−06	3.09E−05	1.63E−03	9.25E−03	1.54E−03
Dmosin	5.48E−06	1.92E−05	9.31E−04	6.14E−03	7.82E−04
Dobroń	2.28E−06	7.15E−06	3.66E−04	2.07E−03	3.46E−04
Głowno (urban)	8.59E−05	3.00E−04	1.02E−02	6.72E−02	8.10E−03
Głowno (rural)	2.01E−06	7.12E−06	3.25E−04	2.15E−03	2.70E−04
Jeżów	1.54E−05	5.24E−05	2.41E−03	1.40E−02	2.21E−03
Koluszki	1.85E−05	1.00E−04	4.15E−03	3.28E−02	2.78E−03
Konstantynów Łódzki	1.22E−04	3.91E−04	1.72E−02	9.15E−02	1.66E−02
Ksawerów	2.13E−05	6.82E−05	3.74E−03	2.06E−02	3.63E−03
Lutomiersk	5.32E−06	1.83E−05	1.00E−03	6.22E−03	8.97E−04
Łódź	2.44E−04	7.44E−04	2.40E−02	1.98E−01	1.50E−02
Nowosolna	2.71E−06	8.44E−06	4.13E−04	2.49E−03	3.74E−04
Ozorków (urban)	1.86E−04	5.58E−04	1.96E−02	1.25E−01	1.62E−02
Ozorków (rural)	1.95E−05	5.96E−05	2.84E−03	1.84E−02	2.44E−03
Pabianice (urban)	2.85E−04	8.03E−04	3.30E−02	2.34E−01	2.58E−02
Pabianice (rural)	1.09E−07	4.04E−07	1.92E−05	1.39E−04	1.48E−05
Parzęczew	5.16E−05	2.00E−04	1.01E−02	6.26E−02	8.90E−03
Rogów	1.34E−05	5.15E−05	2.23E−03	2.05E−02	1.24E−03
Rzgów	6.62E−06	8.56E−06	5.45E−04	3.87E−03	4.79E−04
Stryków	6.35E−06	2.23E−05	1.28E−03	8.45E−03	1.10E−03
Tuszyn	1.95E−05	5.91E−05	2.60E−03	1.96E−02	1.93E−03
Zgierz (urban)	1.76E−04	5.89E−04	2.09E−02	1.34E−01	1.71E−02
Zgierz (rural)	3.67E−06	1.14E−05	5.44E−04	3.50E−03	4.68E−04

Impact of decentralised composting on economic sustainability per functional unit and total_

Name of gmina	Unit costs		Status quo		Decentralised composting
	CAPEX	OPEX	CAPEX	OPEX	CAPEX	OPEX
	PLN/Mg	PLN/Mg	Total cost in PLN	Total cost in PLN	Total cost in PLN	Total cost in PLN
Aleksandrów Łódzki	921.90	494.10	1,848,200.60	990,562.29	1,497,042.48	802,355.46
Andrespol	340.04	977.00	578,202.42	1,661,297.64	468,343.96	1,345,651.09
Brójce	797.26	866.71	227,705.87	247,542.27	184,441.76	200,509.24
Brzeziny (urban)	1,248.83	130.00	671,510.47	69,902.30	543,923.48	56,620.86
Brzeziny (rural)	940.91	788.93	237,664.32	199,276.67	192,508.10	161,414.10
Dłutów	386.15	1,222.00	139,502.32	441,468.27	112,996.88	357,589.30
Dmosin	2,328.79	415.80	180,539.34	32,234.90	146,236.87	26,110.26
Dobroń	368.21	1,222.00	223,418.19	741,463.16	180,968.74	600,585.16
Głowno (urban)	1,479.61	415.80	673,623.23	189,301.27	545,634.82	153,334.03
Głowno (rural)	3,191.76	415.80	155,741.97	20,288.96	126,151.00	16,434.06
Jeżów	3,182.60	975.50	136,352.33	41,793.35	110,445.39	33,852.61
Koluszki	1,660.46	937.14	815,208.21	460,093.10	660,318.65	372,675.41
Konstantynów Łódzki	576.38	1,222.00	898,101.39	1,904,089.85	727,462.13	1,542,312.78
Ksawerów	395.68	1,222.00	394,951.98	1,219,751.52	319,911.10	987,998.73
Lutomiersk	1,474.02	1,222.00	271,074.74	224,728.24	219,570.54	182,029.88
Łódź	532.53	501.62	30,315,305.33	28,555,726.09	24,555,397.32	23,130,138.13
Nowosolna	532.70	893.33	217,384.91	364,554.15	176,081.77	295,288.86
Ozorków (urban)	797.71	415.80	822,404.06	428,669.84	666,147.29	347,222.57
Ozorków (rural)	1,009.96	415.80	324,478.62	133,588.22	262,827.68	108,206.46
Pabianice (urban)	467.45	1,222.00	2,457,327.46	6,423,961.13	1,990,435.25	5,203,408.51
Pabianice (rural)	921.94	1,222.00	271,691.56	360,119.73	220,070.17	291,696.98
Parzęczew	1,666.09	363.27	214,442.66	46,756.05	173,698.56	37,872.40
Rogów	4,943.43	729.00	175,956.55	25,948.03	142,524.80	21,017.90
Rzgów	969.29	820.00	337,733.38	285,715.88	273,564.04	231,429.86
Stryków	2,224.16	415.80	746,287.89	139,516.28	604,493.19	113,008.19
Tuszyn	1,436.88	973.00	363,001.24	245,809.96	294,031.00	199,106.07
Zgierz (urban)	1,289.84	396.10	1,847,825.31	567,452.86	1,496,738.50	459,636.82
Zgierz (rural)	1,881.41	415.80	489,699.73	108,225.67	396,656.78	87,662.79

Impact of decentralised composting on environmental sustainability per functional unit_

Name of gmina	Climate change (kg CO₂ eq)	Freshwater eutrophication (kg P eq)	Ecotoxicity (CTU)	Land use (m² × year)	Fossilfuel scarcity (kg oil eq)
Aleksandrów Łódzki	2.28E+01	−3.79E−03	4.24E+01	1.72E−11	1.84E+00
Andrespol	2.80E+00	−7.74E−04	7.80E+00	9.96E−13	5.28E−01
Brójce	2.89E+00	−1.79E−04	2.55E+00	2.19E−12	4.90E−02
Brzeziny (urban)	2.80E+01	−1.14E−02	4.92E+01	4.70E−11	5.00E+00
Brzeziny (rural)	2.06E+00	−3.26E−04	3.58E+00	1.20E−12	1.91E−01
Dłutów	2.30E+00	−6.23E−04	6.27E+00	7.94E−13	4.45E−01
Dmosin	2.39E+00	−3.69E−04	3.58E+00	1.68E−12	2.12E−01
Dobroń	5.32E−01	−1.44E−04	1.46E+00	1.90E−13	1.00E−01
Głowno (urban)	3.39E+01	−5.77E−03	5.60E+01	2.62E−11	2.26E+00
Głowno (rural)	8.75E−01	−1.36E−04	1.31E+00	6.27E−13	7.33E−02
Jeżów	4.26E+00	−1.04E−03	1.00E+01	2.29E−12	6.37E−01
Koluszki	1.73E+01	−1.73E−03	1.31E+01	1.79E−11	6.58E−01
Konstantynów Łódzki	2.30E+01	−7.91E−03	7.84E+01	6.93E−12	4.94E+00
Ksawerów	4.28E+00	−1.38E−03	1.37E+01	8.58E−13	1.06E+00
Lutomiersk	1.92E+00	−3.57E−04	3.46E+00	1.13E−12	2.49E−01
Łódź	1.29E+02	−1.40E−02	1.56E+02	1.08E−10	3.48E+00
Nowosolna	8.02E−01	−1.68E−04	1.72E+00	3.91E−13	1.06E−01
Ozorków (urban)	6.04E+01	−1.10E−02	1.19E+02	3.87E−11	4.58E+00
Ozorków (rural)	7.13E+00	−1.17E−03	1.25E+01	4.30E−12	6.68E−01
Pabianice (urban)	1.17E+02	−1.57E−02	1.80E+02	7.74E−11	6.78E+00
Pabianice (rural)	6.39E−02	−7.52E−06	7.19E−02	5.00E−14	3.76E−03
Parzęczew	1.79E+01	−3.84E−03	3.38E+01	1.45E−11	2.48E+00
Rogów	1.27E+01	−8.94E−04	8.89E+00	1.15E−11	2.26E−01
Rzgów	1.54E+00	−1.99E−04	3.93E+00	9.11E−13	1.27E−01
Stryków	2.94E+00	−4.26E−04	4.15E+00	1.96E−12	2.94E−01
Tuszyn	9.99E+00	−1.12E−03	1.25E+01	7.90E−12	4.81E−01
Zgierz (urban)	6.38E+01	−1.14E−02	1.14E+02	4.61E−11	4.82E+00
Zgierz (rural)	1.34E+00	−2.25E−04	2.35E+00	8.18E−13	1.29E−01

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Decentralised Composting of Bio-Waste: A Case Study of The Łódź Agglomeration (Poland)

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Impact of decentralised composting on social sustainability per functional unit_

Impact of decentralised composting on economic sustainability per functional unit and total_

Impact of decentralised composting on environmental sustainability per functional unit_

Paradigm

My account