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Precipitation Amounts Triggering Landslide Processes in the Western Part of the Nałęczów Plateau (Lublin Upland, Poland) Cover

Precipitation Amounts Triggering Landslide Processes in the Western Part of the Nałęczów Plateau (Lublin Upland, Poland)

Quaestiones Geographicae
Volume 41 (2022): Issue 3 (September 2022)
By: Piotr Demczuk,  Tymoteusz Zydroń and  Tomasz Szafran  
Open Access
|Jun 2022

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Location of research sites shown against a LiDAR elevation-based shaded relief map of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau.
Location of research sites shown against a LiDAR elevation-based shaded relief map of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau.

Fig. 2

Geological structure of the research area.A – Geological map of the sub-loess surface of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau, with the study area marked by a red box (Harasimiuk, Henkiel 1975/1976), B – Hypsometric tints of the sub-loess surface of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau, with the study area marked (Harasimiuk, Henkiel 1975/1976), C – Map of loess cover thickness in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau with marked study area (Harasimiuk, Henkiel 1975/1976).
Geological structure of the research area.A – Geological map of the sub-loess surface of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau, with the study area marked by a red box (Harasimiuk, Henkiel 1975/1976), B – Hypsometric tints of the sub-loess surface of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau, with the study area marked (Harasimiuk, Henkiel 1975/1976), C – Map of loess cover thickness in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau with marked study area (Harasimiuk, Henkiel 1975/1976).

Fig. 3

Total annual precipitation for the years 1951–2020 at the IMGW station in Puławy plotted against the Kaczorowska classification (1962).
Total annual precipitation for the years 1951–2020 at the IMGW station in Puławy plotted against the Kaczorowska classification (1962).

Fig. 4

Distribution of maximum, average and minimum monthly precipitation totals in the 1951–2020 period at the IMGW station in Puławy.
Distribution of maximum, average and minimum monthly precipitation totals in the 1951–2020 period at the IMGW station in Puławy.

Fig. 5

Distribution of the average number of days with precipitation at various levels in the 1951–2020 period at the IMGW station in Puławy.
Distribution of the average number of days with precipitation at various levels in the 1951–2020 period at the IMGW station in Puławy.

Fig. 6

Distribution of precipitation sequence lengths and totals in the 1951–2020 period at the IMGW station in Puławy.
Distribution of precipitation sequence lengths and totals in the 1951–2020 period at the IMGW station in Puławy.

Fig. 7

Photos of the slopes covered by the research.
Photos of the slopes covered by the research.

Fig. 8

Procedure for calculating the precipitation thresholds triggering landslides in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau.
Procedure for calculating the precipitation thresholds triggering landslides in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau.

Fig. 9

Shape of reconstructed landslide slopes subjected to slope stability tests.1 – assumed original slope shape, 2 – sliding surface, 3 – present slope shape, 4 – loess layer, 5 – layer with low water permeability.
Shape of reconstructed landslide slopes subjected to slope stability tests.1 – assumed original slope shape, 2 – sliding surface, 3 – present slope shape, 4 – loess layer, 5 – layer with low water permeability.

Fig. 10

Distribution of occurrence probability of maximum daily precipitation during the vegetation period, based on data from the IMGW station in Puławy from 1951 to 2020.
Distribution of occurrence probability of maximum daily precipitation during the vegetation period, based on data from the IMGW station in Puławy from 1951 to 2020.

Fig. 11

Conceptual distribution of the FS against the background of annual hydrological balance components.Eva – evaporation; FS – factor of safety; Inf (−)/SF(+) – infiltration (negative values)/subsurface flow (positive values); Max FS – maximum value of the FS; Mean FS – mean value of the FS; Min FS – minimum value of the FS; R – rainfall; RunO – runoff; SWE – snow water equivalent; Trans – transpiration.
Conceptual distribution of the FS against the background of annual hydrological balance components.Eva – evaporation; FS – factor of safety; Inf (−)/SF(+) – infiltration (negative values)/subsurface flow (positive values); Max FS – maximum value of the FS; Mean FS – mean value of the FS; Min FS – minimum value of the FS; R – rainfall; RunO – runoff; SWE – snow water equivalent; Trans – transpiration.

Fig. 12

Distribution of the mean value of the safety coefficient in a given month for a multipleyear period based on the selected slopes in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau [chart generated using Matplotlib (Hunter 2007) and Seaborn (Waskom 2021) libraries in Python].
Distribution of the mean value of the safety coefficient in a given month for a multipleyear period based on the selected slopes in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau [chart generated using Matplotlib (Hunter 2007) and Seaborn (Waskom 2021) libraries in Python].

Fig. 13

Threshold precipitation values based on calculations of slope stability of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau.Intensity–duration thresholds: A-A’ – dry slope on the first analysis day; B-B’ – humid slope on the first analysis day; C-C’ – wet slope on the first analysis day.
Threshold precipitation values based on calculations of slope stability of the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau.Intensity–duration thresholds: A-A’ – dry slope on the first analysis day; B-B’ – humid slope on the first analysis day; C-C’ – wet slope on the first analysis day.

Fig. 14

Overview of the precipitation thresholds initiating landslides worldwide.
Overview of the precipitation thresholds initiating landslides worldwide.

Critical precipitation level values triggering landslides in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau in relation to initial slope cover moisture values_

Nature of precipitationPrecipitation durationPrecipitation sumPrecipitation intensity
MinMeanMaxMinMeanMaxMinMeanMax
[days][mm][mm/h]
Dry slope on the first analysis day
Uniformly2333.05457.098.4138.80.0620.1300.170
Decreasing1220.34360.7132.9202.70.0750.3110.519
Increasing2840.05753.482.9110.90.0560.0890.116
Humid slope on the first analysis day
Uniformly1927.14448.080.7110.20.0620.1300.170
Decreasing815.13354.5114.8167.00.0850.3680.686
Increasing2333.54846.468.190.90.0550.0870.115
Wet slope on the first analysis day
Uniformly1525.84437.576.6106.10.0620.1300.170
Decreasing714.33344.2112.1167.00.0850.3890.766
Increasing1831.74735.264.188.00.0540.0860.115

Parameters of research slopes_

Case studyLocation [WGS84]SlopeLengthHeightThickness of colluviumLanduse
E[°]N [°][°][m][%]
K0121.9595651.3268930.012021.07.7Forest (100)
K0221.9740051.3223246.511616.83.1Forest (62), Fields (48)
K0321.9779951.3247935.014314.44.7Forest (100)
Z0122.0096651.3629936.525536.67.9Forest (50), Fields (50)
Z01a22.0053551.3539745.019016.85.6Forest (74), Fields (26)
Z0322.0103451.3456945.010728.77.2Forest (73), Fields (23)

Main geotechnical parameters of loess cover at each site_

Case studyAngle of internal frictionCohesionPermeabilityFraction contentUSDAPN-EN ISO 14668-2:2006
ClaySiltSand
[°][kPa][m/s][%]
K0133.93.23.27 × 10−66.467.026.6silt loamsilt
K0231.40.07.14 × 10−65.466.228.4silt loamsilt
K0330.40.03.86 × 10−64.861.433.8silt loamsilt
Z0131.20.02.20 × 10−65.165.029.9silt loamsilt
Z01a34.30.02.36 × 10−64.964.930.2silt loamsilt
Z0330.53.02.95 × 10−66.162.831.1silt loamsilt
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2022-0024 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103
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Language: English
Page range: 33 - 51
Submitted on: Jan 31, 2022
|
Published on: Jun 25, 2022
Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
slope stability,
shallow landslide,
rainfall thresholds,
loess,
the Nałęczów Plateau
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geography

© 2022 Piotr Demczuk, Tymoteusz Zydroń, Tomasz Szafran, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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