Fig. 1
Oil production in the world.
Source: own research, data taken from the official site of the Committee on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the official site of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Fig. 2
An overview map of the study area (Tengiz oil field).
Source: own elaboration.
Table 1
Summary of the datasets used: Satellite images and their sensors with resolutions.
| Satellite images and sensors | Resolution (m) | |
|---|---|---|
| LT05_L1TP_165028_19900807_20200915_02_T1 | TM | 30 |
| LT05_L1TP_165028_20000802_20200906_02_T1 | TM | 30 |
| LC08_L1TP_165028_20200809_20200918_02_T1 | OLI-TIRS | 30 |
| S2A_MSIL2A_20200808T072621_N0214_R049_T39TXM_20200808T100005 | S2A | 10 |
[i] S2A – Sentinel-2A.
[ii] Source: Satellite Images Sensor.
Fig. 3
Tengiz oil field. Gas processing plant-2.
Source: photo taken by the authors.
Table 2
Characteristics of the Tengiz oil field.
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Initial parameters | |
| Coordinates | 46°09′10″N, 52°23′00″E |
| Location within Atyrau region | Zhylyoi district |
| Opened (year) | 1979 |
| Oil-saturation factor | 0.82 |
| Gas oil ratio | 487 me × me−1 |
| Formation pressure | 84.24 MPa |
| Temperature | 105°C |
| Oil-related parameters | |
| Oil density | 789 kg × m−3 |
| Constituent elements (%) | |
| Sulphur | 0.7 |
| Paraffinic | 3.69 |
| Low-resin | 1.14 |
| Oil reserves | 1.8 trillion m3 |
| Extractable volume of oil | 750 million–1125 billion tons |
| Estimated volume of oil | 3,133 billion tons |
| Associated petroleum gas reserves | 1.8 trillion m3 |
| Field-related parameters | |
| Total field size | 565 km2 |
| Depth of oil layer | 4,000–5,700 m |
| Oil reservoir length | 19 km (12 ml) |
| Oil reservoir width | 21 km (13 ml) |
| Oil reservoir area | 399 km2 |
| Oil layer height | 1,200–1,500 m |
| Number of wells | 255 |
| Average density of wells | 1.2 pcs × km−2 |
| Number of gas processing plants | 3 |
| Oil development partners |
|
[i] Source: own elaboration.
Fig. 4
The infrastructure of the Tengiz oil field.
Source: Map data ©2022 Google Earth, CNES Airbus/Tengiz, Kazakhstan.
Table 3
The ratio of landscape cover elements in the territory of the Tengiz oil field according to the results of NDVI.
| Lulc classes based on NDVI | 1990 | 2000 | 2020 | 2020_sent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water body (salt marshes/artificial ponds) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Industrial facilities | 12.9 | 20.9 | 23.8 | 28.1 |
| Barren land | 85.8 | 74.2 | 75.5 | 72.0 |
| Shrub land | 0.9 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
[i] NDVI – normalised difference vegetation index.
[ii] Source: own elaboration.
Fig. 5
Landscape cover on the territory of the Tengiz oil field based on the results of NDVI.
NDVI – normalised difference vegetation index; S2A – Sentinel-2A.
Source: own elaboration.