Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
![Loss [ha] of forest (a), grassland (b), water (c) and built-up areas (d) in testing grounds A–D and the share of [%] types of land cover, which in the years 1985–2000 and 2001–2012 were transformed into: 1 – forests, 2 – grassland, 3 – water, 4 – built-up areas, 5 – other type of cover.Source: own study.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64734fdc4e662f30ba539e0a/j_quageo-2020-0011_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251107%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251107T212207Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=85776e999f01183d865a728406c17a7d69aed42b0951dbb3a8eec228733ac3c7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6
Potential possibilities of transformation of the land cover options considered_
| Forests (F.) | Grasslands (G.) | Surface waters (W.) | Built-up areas (B.) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests (F.) | F. → G. | F. → W. | F. → B. | |
| Grasslands (G.) | G. → F. | G. → W. | G. → B. | |
| Surface waters (W.) | W. → F. | W. → G. | W. → B. | |
| Built-up areas (B.) | B. → F. | B. → G. | B. → W. |
Characteristics of surface area, location and land cover of the selected testing grounds_
| Location of research area* | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| A – Area: 10.5 km2 | The testing ground includes a fragment of the Reda valley, the so-called Mostowe Błota, between Rekowo Dolne and Reda-Ciechocino in the west, the Połchowo area in the north and the Łyski Channel in the south. The testing ground has an agricultural character. |
| B – Area: 12 km2 | The relief is very dynamic and the main natural axis is Zagórska Struga. There are numerous small natural water reservoirs. The landscape of the testing ground changes its character from agricultural to residential and recreational. |
| C – Area: 17.25 km2 | The Radunia valley, which constitutes the entire testing ground, is characterised by strong dynamics of relief formation processes due to its steep slopes. The development of the testing ground has a residential and recreational character. |
| D – Area: 17.25 km2 | The area includes a fragment of Żuławy on the border with Gdańsk Upland. The development is connected with the southern part of the city of Pruszcz Gdański (mainly industrial and warehousing) and the villages of Rusocin and Cieplewo (residential). The eastern part still plays an agricultural role, while the north-eastern part is occupied by a military airport. |
Distinguished ranges of changes according to the value of the structural convergence index_
| Structural convergence index (c) | Range of changes |
|---|---|
| 0.000 | total changes |
| 0.001; 0.399 | great |
| 0.400; 0.849 | average |
| 0.850; 0.974 | small |
| 0.975; 0.999 | very small |
| 1.000 | no changes |
Loss of selected forms of land cover in the years 1985–2000 and 2001–2012_
| Losses [km2] | 1985–2000 | 2001–2012 | Multiple of losses in second period in relation to first period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forests | 1.5963 | 10.6659 | ×6.7 |
| Grasslands | 33.4734 | 66.8310 | ×2.0 |
| Surface waters | 0.7859 | 1.1892 | ×1.5 |
| Built-up areas | 0.7295 | 5.1754 | ×7.0 |