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Prediction of Compilation Options for Quantum Circuits via Adaptive Deep Residual Neural Network Cover

Prediction of Compilation Options for Quantum Circuits via Adaptive Deep Residual Neural Network

Open Access
|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Circuit symbol representation of common quantum gates.

Figure 2.

A simple quantum circuit example, including H-gate, X-gate, and CNOT-gate.

Figure 3.

Common schematic diagram of quantum computing devices.

Figure 4.

Quantum circuit compilation.

Figure 5.

The currently available compilation options.

Figure 6.

Residual block.

Figure 7.

Basic structure of attention model.

Figure 8.

The flowchart for the two phases.

Figure 9.

Transformation of TWIG.

Figure 10.

DRAN-Net.

Figure 11.

Residual block (RB).

Figure 12.

Attention residual block (ARB).

Figure 13.

Attention block.

Figure 14.

Feature correlation.

Figure 15.

Feature importance.

Figure 16.

Performance Comparison of T-Pre and N-Pre.

Figure 17.

Performance Comparison of T-Pre+AC and N-Pre.

Figure 18.

Performance Comparison of model using T-Pre.

Figure 19.

Performance Comparison of various model methods.

Figure 20.

Performance comparison on the [13] device selection task.

Figure 21.

Exhaustive search vs. DRAN-Net prediction.

Prediction results on the device selection task from [13]_

ModelAccuracy (%)Top-3 (%)F1 (%)
DRAN-Net98.82 ± 0.41100 ± 0.0098.71 ± 0.50
Random Forest98.15 ± 0.63100 ± 0.0097.01 ± 1.00

Prediction results after removal of four lower-importance features_

Model+Representation SetAccuracy(%)Top-3(%)F1(%)
Random Forest+T-Pre+AC78.13 ± 0.0895.84 ± 0.1180.93 ± 0.22
Random Forest+N-Pre78.88 ± 0.0795.87 ± 0.1681.90 ± 0.14
Gradient Boosting+T-Pre+AC76.84 ± 0.1994.91 ± 0.1779.82 ± 0.20
Gradient Boosting+N-Pre77.31 ± 0.0595.24 ± 0.6179.95 ± 0.27
Decision Tree+T-Pre+AC73.05 ± 0.1294.64 ± 0.2276.14 ± 1.46
Decision Tree+N-Pre73.47 ± 0.3495.17 ± 0.6474.35 ± 1.15
Nearest Neighbor+T-Pre+AC72.48 ± 0.0093.68 ± 0.0077.13 ± 0.00
Nearest Neighbor+N-Pre73.73 ± 0.0093.34 ± 0.0078.56 ± 0.00

Prediction results between the new model and the traditional representation combination_

Model+Representation SetAccuracy (%)Top-3 (%)F1 (%)
DRAN-Net+T-Pre82.32 ± 1.1697.87 ± 0.4882.18 ± 1.08
Random Forest+T-Pre77.39 ± 0.0595.54 ± 0.1280.75 ± 0.12
Gradient Boosting+T-Pre76.63 ± 0.2194.58 ± 0.1780.47 ± 0.76
Decision Tree+T-Pre72.93 ± 0.1095.17 ± 0.0078.52 ± 0.20
Nearest Neighbor+T-Pre72.48 ± 0.0093.68 ± 0.0077.13 ± 0.00
Multilayer Perceptron+T-Pre65.35 ± 0.5482.06 ± 1.1858.49 ± 1.57
Support Vector Machine+T-Pre62.49 ± 0.0078.70 ± 0.0069.51 ± 0.00
Naive Bayes+T-Pre33.60 ± 0.0054.08 ± 0.0029.48 ± 0.00

Efficiency and effectiveness of different methods_

MethodAverage Time(s)Time Ranges(s)Accuracy (%)Top-3 (%)
Exhaustive Search1185-243100 ± 0.00100 ± 0.00
DRAN-Net Prediction0.270.19-0.5190.40± 0.8099.40±0.49

Prediction results between the new representation and the traditional model combination_

Model+Representation SetAccuracy(%)Top-3(%)F1(%)
Random Forest+T-Pre77.39 ± 0.0595.54 ± 0.1280.75 ± 0.12
Random Forest+N-Pre78.88 ± 0.0795.87 ± 0.1681.90 ± 0.14
Gradient Boosting+T-Pre76.63 ± 0.2194.58 ± 0.1780.47 ± 0.76
Gradient Boosting+N-Pre77.31 ± 0.0595.24 ± 0.6179.95 ± 0.27
Decision Tree+T-Pre72.93 ± 0.1095.17 ± 0.0078.52 ± 0.20
Decision Tree+N-Pre73.47 ± 0.3495.17 ± 0.6474.35 ± 1.15
Nearest Neighbor+T-Pre72.48 ± 0.0093.68 ± 0.0077.13 ± 0.00
Nearest Neighbor+N-Pre73.73 ± 0.0093.34 ± 0.0078.56 ± 0.00

DRAN-Net parameter_

Layer nameParameters
Liner layer36×256
Dropout0.01
Residual Block1256×256
Attention Residual Block1256×256
Residual Block2256×256
Attention Residual Block2256×256
Residual Block3256×256
Attention Residual Block3256×256
Residual Block4256×256
Dropout0.01
Liner layer256×30

Prediction results of various model methods_

Model+Representation SetAccuracy (%)Top-3 (%)F1 (%)
Random Forest+T-Pre77.39 ± 0.0595.54 ± 0.1280.75 ± 0.12
Gradient Boosting+T-Pre76.63 ± 0.2194.58 ± 0.1780.47 ± 0.76
Decision Tree+T-Pre72.93 ± 0.1095.17 ± 0.0078.52 ± 0.20
Nearest Neighbor+T-Pre72.48 ± 0.0093.68 ± 0.0077.13 ± 0.00
Multilayer Perceptron+T-Pre65.35 ± 0.5482.06 ± 1.1858.49 ± 1.57
Support Vector Machine+T-Pre62.49 ± 0.0078.70 ± 0.0069.51 ± 0.00
Naive Bayes+T-Pre33.60 ± 0.0054.08 ± 0.0029.48 ± 0.00
GraphSAGE+TWIG-Pre71.10 ± 1.0295.77 ± 0.8860.41 ± 2.49
GIN+TWIG-Pre48.28 ± 0.6484.52 ± 1.5721.82 ± 1.50
GCN+TWIG-Pre30.97 ± 0.2556.54 ± 3.233.83 ± 0.49
Ours (DRAN-Net+T-Pre)82.83 ± 1.6398.14 ± 0.3282.80 ± 1.52

Statistical significance tests_

Ours (DRAN-Net+N-Pre) vs.Metrictp-Value (α = 0.05)
Ours (DRAN-Net+N-Pre) vs. Random Forest+T-PreAccuracy8.43560.0009
Top-317.01130.0000
F13.00640.0391
Ours vs. Gradient Boosting+T-PreAccuracy7.45920.0017
Top-321.96860.0000
F13.06580.0154
Ours vs. Decision Tree+T-PreAccuracy13.55550.0002
Top-320.75350.0000
F16.24250.0030
Ours vs. Nearest Neighbor+T-PreAccuracy14.19830.0001
Top-331.16520.0000
F18.34110.0011
Ours vs. Multilayer Perceptron+T-PreAccuracy22.76280.0000
Top-329.40890.0000
F124.87540.0000
Ours vs. Support Vector Machine+T-PreAccuracy27.90280.0000
Top-3135.84110.0000
F119.55090.0000
Ours vs. Naive Bayes+T-PreAccuracy67.53470.0000
Top-3307.87860.0000
F178.43890.0000
Ours vs. GraphSAGE+TWIG-PreAccuracy13.64080.0000
Top-35.65960.0005
F117.16170.0000
Ours vs. GIN+TWIG-PreAccuracy44.11760.0000
Top-319.00740.0000
F163.85150.0000
Ours vs. GCN+TWIG-PreAccuracy70.32030.0000
Top-328.65860.0000
F1110.56930.0000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/qic-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 3106-0544 | Journal ISSN: 1533-7146
Language: English
Page range: 38 - 67
Submitted on: Oct 10, 2025
Accepted on: Dec 16, 2025
Published on: Jun 4, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Shouli He, Wen Liu, Yangzhi Li, Maoduo Li, Kai Chen, Yaohua Lu, published by Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.