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Realization of Deterministic Quantum Circuits for Non-Deterministic or Incompletely Specified Quantum State Machines Cover

Realization of Deterministic Quantum Circuits for Non-Deterministic or Incompletely Specified Quantum State Machines

Open Access
|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

DFA which provides the input-output response shown in Table 2.
DFA which provides the input-output response shown in Table 2.

Figure 2.

DFA for detecting a 1 in the third from last position of an input string of length L. Each state encodes the last three input bits. On input x, the output is the oldest bit of the window (the 3rd-from-last).
DFA for detecting a 1 in the third from last position of an input string of length L. Each state encodes the last three input bits. On input x, the output is the oldest bit of the window (the 3rd-from-last).

Figure 3.

NFA for detecting a 1 in the third from last position of an input string of length L. The dotted arcs indicate non-deterministic transitions.
NFA for detecting a 1 in the third from last position of an input string of length L. The dotted arcs indicate non-deterministic transitions.

Figure 4.

Quantum State Machines with State Retention (QSM-SR). Inputs are classical bits that are used to initialize some qubits. Quantum operations are performed on these qubits by the array. After each pass through the array, the states are retained by the qubits. Thus the state qubits do not get re-initialized after the first pass through the array, while some inputs may get re-initialized before every pass through the array.
Quantum State Machines with State Retention (QSM-SR). Inputs are classical bits that are used to initialize some qubits. Quantum operations are performed on these qubits by the array. After each pass through the array, the states are retained by the qubits. Thus the state qubits do not get re-initialized after the first pass through the array, while some inputs may get re-initialized before every pass through the array.

Figure 5.

Quantum State Machines with Classical Memory (QSM-CM). Inputs are classical bits that are used to initialize some qubits. Quantum operations are performed on these qubits by the array. After each pass through the array, the states are read out and stored in a classical memory. These state bits are used to re-initialize some qubits before the next pass through the array.
Quantum State Machines with Classical Memory (QSM-CM). Inputs are classical bits that are used to initialize some qubits. Quantum operations are performed on these qubits by the array. After each pass through the array, the states are read out and stored in a classical memory. These state bits are used to re-initialize some qubits before the next pass through the array.

Figure 6.

Non-deterministic finite automaton with some outputs as don’t cares.
Non-deterministic finite automaton with some outputs as don’t cares.

Figure 7.

Non-deterministic finite automaton with some outputs and states as don’t cares.
Non-deterministic finite automaton with some outputs and states as don’t cares.

Figure 8.

Deterministic automaton with state transition table that is consistent with the non-deterministic automaton in Figure 6.
Deterministic automaton with state transition table that is consistent with the non-deterministic automaton in Figure 6.

Figure 9.

Black box model of the QAS system. The input and output of QAS are in the form of truth tables, incompletely specified and completely specified, respectively.
Black box model of the QAS system. The input and output of QAS are in the form of truth tables, incompletely specified and completely specified, respectively.

Figure 10.

QAS outputs, steps S1–S5.
QAS outputs, steps S1–S5.

Figure 11.

QAS outputs, steps S6–S10.
QAS outputs, steps S6–S10.

Figure 12.

QAS outputs, steps S11-S15.
QAS outputs, steps S11-S15.

Figure 13.

QAS outputs, steps S16-S20.
QAS outputs, steps S16-S20.

Figure 14.

QAS outputs, steps S21-S24.
QAS outputs, steps S21-S24.

Figure 15.

QAS outputs, steps S25-S29.
QAS outputs, steps S25-S29.

Figure 16.

QAS outputs, steps S30-S34.
QAS outputs, steps S30-S34.

Figure 17.

QAS outputs, steps S35-S38.
QAS outputs, steps S35-S38.

Figure 18.

Final Circuit for realization of transition and output functions for automaton from Figure 6, assuming no ancilla qubits.
Final Circuit for realization of transition and output functions for automaton from Figure 6, assuming no ancilla qubits.

Figure 19.

QAS trend of MMD cost versus percentage of don’t cares for four 6-qubit benchmark functions.
QAS trend of MMD cost versus percentage of don’t cares for four 6-qubit benchmark functions.

Figure 20.

QAS trend of MMD cost versus percentage of don’t cares for four 9-qubit benchmark functions.
QAS trend of MMD cost versus percentage of don’t cares for four 9-qubit benchmark functions.

Figure 21.

Karnaugh maps that represent the transition and output functions for the state machine in Table 4. (a) P = X ⊕ YZ (b) Q = Y ′ and (c) R = X ⊕ YZ
Karnaugh maps that represent the transition and output functions for the state machine in Table 4. (a) P = X ⊕ YZ (b) Q = Y ′ and (c) R = X ⊕ YZ

Figure 22.

Circuit to realize transition and output functions for automaton from Figure 6 assuming one ancilla qubit.
Circuit to realize transition and output functions for automaton from Figure 6 assuming one ancilla qubit.

Example Input-Output Traces_

Trace #InputOutput
1000000000000
2000001000001
3000101000100
4010011010001
5100010100000
6111000101000
7110101100100
8111110101010

State transition table that represents the operation of the non-deterministic automaton in Figure 7 as an incompletely specified 3 × 3 function_

Present State Inputs Q1Q2In (ABC)Next State Outputs Q′1Q′2Out (PQR)
0000XX
001010
01000X
0111X1
1001X1
1011XX
1101XX
11100X

State transition table for a simple non-deterministic machine_

Present State (PS)Next State (NS)
S0S1
S1S2
S2S0
S3S0, S1, S2

State Transition Table that represents the operation of the automaton in Figure 8 as a completely specified 3 × 3 function_

Present State Inputs Q1Q2In (ABC)Next State Outputs Out Q′1Q′2Out (PQR)
000011
001010
010000
011101
100111
101100
110110
111001

Input-Output Trace for a machine that detects a 1 in the third from last symbol of a string_

Trace #InputOutput
100000000
210000001
3000101000000
4011011000001
5011100000001
611100010000000
711110010000001
8111110111000000000
9000001000000000001
………………

Original function versus final function f(A,B,C) after QAS application_

Inputs (ABC)Original Outputs (PQR)Final Outputs (PQR)
0000XX011
001010010
01000X000
0111X1101
1001X1111
1011XX100
1101XX110
11100X001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/qic-2025-0038 | Journal eISSN: 3106-0544 | Journal ISSN: 1533-7146
Language: English
Page range: 716 - 738
Submitted on: Mar 6, 2025
|
Accepted on: Oct 14, 2025
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Published on: Mar 9, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Manjith Kumar, Marek Perkowski, published by Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.